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Human nutrition > Pregnancy, lactation & weaning > Flashcards

Pregnancy, lactation & weaning Flashcards

1
Q

Does energy requirement change during pregnancy?

A

Not until 3rd trimester where it increases by 191 kcals

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2
Q

What are main points to remember with nutrition and pregnancy?

A
  • Don’t eat for two
  • Maintain general healthy eating
  • Eat regularly, don’t go too long without eating
  • Small meals and snacks
  • Being at a high weight can lead to complications
  • Supplement if deficient in anything
  • Speak to GP if there are any concerns
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3
Q

Why is there no increment in iron RNI during pregnancy?

A

No menstruation so extra iron that was lost through blood loss can the ben used to help organ expansion

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4
Q

What can a folate deficiency cause during pregnancy?

A

Neural tube defects such as spinal bifida

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5
Q

What is the RNI for folate for a pregnant woman?

A

300ug/day throughout whole of pregnancy

400ug/day preconception

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6
Q

Who is most at risk of spinal bifida?

A
  • Those who have it
  • Partners who have it
  • Previous baby having it
  • Family history of NTD
  • Diabetes and anti-epileptic medication
  • Folate deficient
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7
Q

What is Healthy Start?

A
  • An organisation that provides vouchers to spend on fresh fruit, vegetables, milk and formula
  • Each week worth £4.25
  • 2 vouchers per week when baby is born
  • Provide free vitamin supplement (Vitamin C, D and folic acid)
  • Provides Vitamin D drops for breastfed babies
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8
Q

What foods should be avoided during pregnancy?

Andy why?

A
  • Soft cheese with white rinds e.g. brie, camembert
  • Soft blue cheese e.g. roquefort
  • Pate - all
    All can cause listeria
  • Rare meat
  • Uncooked cured meats
  • Unwashed fruit and veg
    All contain toxoplasmoids
  • Raw/ partially cooked eggs without a red lion logo
  • Homemade mayonnaise/ mouse
    To prevent salmonella
  • Shark, marlin, swordfish and raw shellfish
  • Only 2 portions of oily fish per week
    Contain high levels of mercury and pollutants which the foetus is susceptible to
  • Alcohol
    Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome
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9
Q

What is Alcohol Foetal Syndrome?

What does it cause?

A 
When a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy it can lead to Alcohol Foetal Syndrome of the baby. 
The symptoms include
- Restricted growth
- Facial abnormalities
- Learning and behavioural difficulties
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10
Q

What is the advice with caffeine during pregnancy?

A
  • Maximum 200mg/day

- High intake linked with low birth weight and miscarriage

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11
Q

What should be avoided during breastfeeding?

A
  • Caffeine
  • Alcohol
  • 2 portions of oily fish per week
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12
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

A
  • Immunity and providing antibodies to the baby
  • Less have gastroenteritis
  • Few infections
  • Better microbiota - encourage good bacteria to grow in gut
  • Disease prevention later on in life
  • Bonding and relationship building between mum and child
  • Convenience
  • Complete nutrition for the baby
  • Affordable - no equipment needed unless expressing
  • Disease prevention for mother - breast and ovarian cancer risk reduced
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13
Q

At what age should weaning start?

A

6 months

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14
Q

What is the earliest you can introduce solids during weaning?

A

4 months

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15
Q

What are the requirements for weaning?

A
  • Baby need to be able to sit up and hold their head steady
  • They need to be able to coordinate putting food into their mouth
  • Need to be able to swallow food
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16
Q

What should be avoided for babies under 6 months

A
  • Foods with allergens e.g. wheat, cow’s milk, eggs, honey, nuts, gluten, shellfish
17
Q

What foods babies under 6 months have?

A

Watery, pureed foods such as porridge and pureed veg

18
Q

What should a child on 6 months eat?

A
  • Finger foods
  • Iron containing foods due to lack of iron in milk
  • Variety of textures and tastes
  • Can have foods containing cows milk
19
Q

What should a baby of 8-9 months eat?

A
  • 3 meals a day
  • All food soft, chopped or mashed
  • Finger foods
  • All food groups
  • No added sugar or salt
20
Q

What should a child 12+ months eat?

A
  • 3 meals a day
  • Family foods
  • Snacks may be needed due to small stomach size
  • No added sugar or salt
21
Q

When can a child drink full fat cows milk?

A

12 months

22
Q

When can a child drink skimmed milk?

A

From 2 years old, unless not growing properly then wait until age 5

23
Q

Are plant based milks okay for infants?

A

Should not be used, as they are not nutrient rich enough

24
Q

When should breastfeeding end?

A

There is no end date and can be continued throughout weaning

25
Q

Why can’t a baby have solids before 4 months?

A
  • Not ready orally - cannot swallow or breakdown food

- Gut not fully developed enough

26
Q

What is the energy increment for breastfeeding mothers?

A

+335kcal for first 6 months

27
Q

What is the protein increment for breastfeeding mothers?

A

+ 11g/day

28
Q

What is the vitamin A increment for breastfeeding mothers?

A

600ug/d + 350ug/d

29
Q

What is the calcium increment during breastfeeding?

A

700mg/d + 550mg/d

30
Q

What diets may need attention during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

A
  • Vegans and vegetarians

- Teenagers - have own growth requirement to meet

31
Q

Why is Listeria dangerous?

What are the symptoms?

A
  • Can cause miscarriage or still birth
  • Can cause blindness, deafness and other malformations in baby
  • Vomiting, diarrhoea and high temperature are some symptoms in mother
  • Can grow at fridge temperature
32
Q

Why should cat litter not be handled during pregnancy?

A

Contains toxoplasmoids

33
Q

What should be consideration should be taken about retinol?

A
  • Harmful to foetus at high levels
  • Avoid liver, pate, haggis, fish oil and retinol supplements
  • Avoid homeopathic remedies
34
Q

What cheeses are unsafe during pregnancy?

A
  • Unpasteurised cheese
  • Soft cheese with white rinds e.g camembert, brie
  • Soft blue cheese e.g. gorgonzola, roquefort
35
Q

Can sushi be eaten during pregnancy?

A

Only if frozen as it can contain parasitic worms

36
Q

Are peanut okay to eat during pregnancy?

A
  • Used to be avoided but now only if mother is allergic

- Some evidence suggests it’s better to expose it

37
Q

When should follow on milks be introduced?

A

When the infant is a fussy eater or not getting enough nutrition

38
Q

What contribute to the energy requirements of a pregnant individual?

A
  • Body weight
  • Body composition
  • Physical activity levels
  • Whether its a single baby, twins or triplets
39
Q

What is the Vitamin D RNI for both pregnant and lactating women?

A
  • 10ug/day

Human nutrition (13 decks)

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