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Human nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

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2
Q

What percentage of calcium is absorbed from diet?

A

25-35%

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3
Q

What increases calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

What are dietary sources of calcium?

A
  • Dairy products
  • Leafy greens
  • Bread with fortified flour
  • Bony fish
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5
Q

What is the RNI for calcium?

A

700mg/day

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6
Q

What is the deficiency of calcium?

A

Hypocalcaemia

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7
Q

What is calcium used for in the body?

A
  • Structural function - Bones and teeth (99%)
  • Muscle contraction, nerve function, hormone release, cell signalling, cell division, release of enzymes, blood clotting, metabolic function (1%)
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8
Q

What can identify calcium deficiency?

A

Dexa scan (Bone density scan)

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9
Q

What is the function of zinc in the body?

A
  • Wound healing
  • Gene transcription
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Sexual maturation
  • Taste perception
  • Growth and repair
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10
Q

What are the dietary sources?

A
  • Meat
  • Shellfish
  • Dairy food
  • Bread
  • Cereals
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11
Q

What is the RNI for zinc?

A

9.5mg/day - men

7mg/day - women

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12
Q

Where is zinc found in the body?

A

Enzymes and proteins

  • Skeletal muscle (60%)
  • Bone (30%)
  • Plasma (0.1%)
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13
Q

Where is iron stored/ found?

A
  • Bone marrow and red blood cells (75%)

- Liver (25%)

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14
Q

What is the deficiency of iron?

And what are the symptoms?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

  • Extreme fatigue
  • Pale skin
  • Headaches
  • Weakness
  • Palpitations
  • Shortness of breath
  • Light headedness
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15
Q

What is the deficiency of potassium?

And what are the symptoms?

A

Hypokalaemia

  • Muscle cramps and aches
  • Palpitations
  • Weakness and fatigue
  • Breathing difficulties
  • Abdominal cramping
  • Bloating
  • Constipation
  • Tingling/ numbness
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16
Q

What is the deficiency of iodine?

A

Cretinism/ Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome

  • Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
  • Weight gain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Increased heart rate
17
Q

What are some dietary sources of potassium?

A
  • Bananas
  • Beans
  • Pulses
  • Fish
  • Meat
  • Some veg
18
Q

What are some dietary sources of iodine?

A
  • Fish
  • Shellfish
  • Cereal
  • Grains
19
Q

What are some dietary sources of iron?

A
  • Liver
  • Red meat
  • Beans
  • Nuts
  • Dried fruit
  • Fortified cereals
  • Soy bean flour
20
Q

What are the water soluble minerals?

A
  • Iron
  • Iodine
  • Copper
  • Manganese chloride
  • Carbon disulfide (Phosphorus)
  • Zinc chloride
  • Folate
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Pantothenic acid
21
Q

What is the function of selenium in the body?

A
  • Thyroxine production
  • Antioxidant - protect against cancers
  • At protein and enzyme active site - range of function due to the proteins and enzymes
22
Q

What are dietary sources of selenium?

A
  • Brazil nuts
  • Fish
  • Meat
  • Eggs
23
Q

Where is sodium found in the body?

A

Extracellular fluid

24
Q

Where is potassium found in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid

25
Q

What are the functions of sodium and potassium?

A

Maintain electrochemical gradients in the body

26
Q

What is iron transported in?

A

Transferrin

27
Q

Why must you be careful when supplementing iron?

A

No excretory route

28
Q

What is the difference between haem iron and non-heam iron?

A

Haem iron is from animal products and more readily absorbed.

Non-haem iron is from cereals, grains and leafy green veg and is less well absorbed.

29
Q

What helps iron be more soluble?

A

Vitamin C

Iron is reduced from Fe3+ to Fe2+

30
Q

How is iron lost?

A
  • Blood (main way)

- Sweat, skin and urine (Very small amount)

31
Q

What helps to increase iron absorption?

A
  • Ascorbic acid
  • Meat
  • Vitamin A B-carotene
  • Organic acids
  • Seafodd
32
Q

What reduces iron absorption?

A
  • Phenolic compounds (Tea, coffee, cocoa, oregano)
  • Phytates (Cereals, seeds, nuts)
  • Calcium
33
Q

What is the function of iodine in the body?

A
  • Growth
  • Metabolism regulation
  • Brain development
34
Q

What mineral is an essential component of thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

35
Q

What is goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland due to decreased produced of T3 and T4 hormones - Iodine deficiency

36
Q

What have some countries done to help with iodine deficiency prevention?

A

Iodised salt

37
Q

What is the RNI for iron?

A

Men - 8.7mg/day
Women (19-60) - 14.8mg/day
Women (50+) - 8.7mg/day

38
Q

What is the RNI for iodine

A

140ug/day

39
Q

What are some dietary sources of retinol?

A
  • Liver
  • Meat
  • Full fat dairy
  • Eggs
  • Fish liver oil

Human nutrition (13 decks)

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