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PSIO469 - Repro > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How many sperm arrive at the distal end of the fallopian tube?

A

Less than 50

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2
Q

How long is an oocyte viable for once ovulated?

A

About 24 hours

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3
Q

How long are ejaculated sperm viable for?

A

2-3 days (up to 5)

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4
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

Final maturation of sperm that occurs in the female reproductive tract

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5
Q

39 hours after fertilization what stage does a embryo enter?

A

Two-cell stage

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6
Q

42 hours after fertilization what stage does a embryo enter?

A

Four-cell stage

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7
Q

49 hours after fertilization what stage does a embryo enter?

A

Eight-cell stage

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8
Q

3-4 days after fertilization what stage does a embryo enter?

A

Morula

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9
Q

5-6 days after fertilization what stage does a embryo enter?

A

Blastocyst

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10
Q

Stages of uterine preparation for implantation of an embryo

A
  1. Ciliary movement stimulated by estrogen draws oocyte into the tube.
  2. Progesterone secreted by corpus luteum primes endometrium while embryo develops in oviduct
  3. Endometrial secretions (glycogen) nourish arriving blastocyst
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11
Q

What cells comprise the embryo-derived portion of the placenta?

A

Trophoblasts / trophectoderm

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12
Q

Blastocyst hatching

A

Blastocyst breaking out of the thinning zona pellucida

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13
Q

When does implantation of an embryo occur?

A

About 6 days after ovulation

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14
Q

Decidua

A

Highly-vascularized, maternally-derived endometrium

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15
Q

Some trophoblasts of the embryo penetrate the decidua (endometrium) to form…

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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16
Q

When trophoblasts contact the decidua (endometrium) they begin to release…

A

proteolytic enzymes

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17
Q

The endoderm gives rise to which tissues?

A

Lining of the respiratory tube and digestive tube

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18
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to which tissues?

A

Skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, and kidneys

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19
Q

The ectoderm gives rise to which tissues?

A

Nervous system, outer layer of skin, hair, nails, and tooth enamel

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20
Q

The yolk sac functions as…

A

Early extra-embryonic circulatory system before internal circulatory system forms

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21
Q

The embryonic disc, amnion, connecting stalk, and yolk sac are derived from…

A

Inner cell mass

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22
Q

Embryonic disc gives rise to…

A

embryo proper

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23
Q

The chorion is derived from…

A

Trophoblasts

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24
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost fetal membrane around the embryo and amnion

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25
Q

The connecting stalk becomes…

A

The umbilical cord connecting the embryo to the chorion

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26
Q

What does the chorion eventually fuse with?

A

Amnion

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27
Q

Amnion

A

Inner membrane surrounding embryo

28
Q

When is an embryo called a fetus?

A

> 8 weeks post-fertilization

29
Q

Common name for dizygotic twins

A

Fraternal

30
Q

Common name for monozygotic twins

A

Identical

31
Q

Placental functions

A
  1. Respiratory organ
  2. Excretory organ
  3. Nutrient delivery
  4. Endocrine organ
32
Q

Protein hormones of the placenta

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
33
Q

Steroid hormones of the placenta

A
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
34
Q

Site of production of hCG

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

35
Q

What hormone is hCG structurally similar to?

A

LH (glycoprotein family)

36
Q

When is hCG detectable?

A

6 days after implantation

37
Q

When does hCG peak?

A

9-12 weeks

38
Q

Functions of hCG

A
  • Signals implantation of the embryo
  • Prevents luteolysis (maintaining corpus luteum)
  • Stimulates luteal production of progesterone
39
Q

hCG can be used to clinically mimic…

A

an LH surge in infertile women triggering ovulation

40
Q

When does hormone production shift from the corpus luteum to the placenta?

A

10-12 weeks

41
Q

Role of progesterone in early pregnancy

A
  1. Inhibits uterine contraction
  2. Promotes formation of mucus plug
42
Q

Role of estrogen in early pregnancy

A
  1. Stimulates myometrial growth
  2. Stimulates gap junction and oxytocin receptors in the myometrium
43
Q

Parturition

A

Process of labor and delivery

44
Q

Pitocin

A

Synthetic oxytocin

44
Q

If it only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg, explain why less than 20 million/mL can lead to infertility

A

Small probability they will reach the distal end of the fallopian tube. If less sperm are ejaculated, the chances are even smaller.

45
Q

Describe the stage of oogenesis at which the oocyte is ovulated

A

Meiosis II at metaphase; 23 chromosomes and 2 sister chromatids

46
Q

Describe the sequence of events involved in gamete transport, capacitation and fertilization

A
  • Sperm penetrates to cumulus cells
  • Binds to zona pellucida
  • Rise in ca in sperm causes an acrosomal reaction
  • Acrosomal hydrolytic enzymes dissolve zona pellucida for fusion of oocyte and sperm.
  • Sperm DNA and nucleus enter egg
  • Rise in Ca within the oocyte causes a cortical reaction and the zona pellucida to harden and prevent additional sperm from binding
47
Q

ZP3

A

ZP protein that binds to sperm and stimulates acrosome reaction

48
Q

Describe the events that take place during the first week after ovulation and fertilization

A
  • Ciliary movement stimulated by estrogen moves embryo towards uterus as progesterone prepares endometrium for fertilization.
  • Within 5-6 days the zygote develops into a blastocyst.
49
Q

Describe the structure of the blastocyst and the need for hatching

A

Trophoblasts surrounding an inner mast cell hatch out of the hardened zona pellucida

50
Q

Describe the sequence of events that occurs during implantation

A
  • Embryo hatches out of degenerating ZP
  • Trophoblasts contact endometrium and release proteolytic enzymes
  • Some trophoblasts fuse/penetrate the endometrium to form synctiotrophoblasts
  • Layer of endometrium surrounds the embryo by day 12
51
Q

The placenta is derived from…

A

both embryonic (trophoblast) and maternal (decidua) syncytiotrophoblast tissues

52
Q

Differences between fraternal (dizygotic) and identical (monozygotic) twins

A
  • Fraternal: two zygotes
  • Identical: split of early embryo
53
Q

DC/DA twins

A

Two zygotes implant separately 2 chorion 2 amnions

54
Q

MC/DA twins

A

Twins implant close together and have fused placenta or single placenta “1 chorion”

55
Q

MC/MA twins

A

1 chorion and 1 amnion

56
Q

Explain why MC/MA (and especially conjoined) twins have the lowest survival rates

A

Umbilical cords get tangled cutting of nutrients to fetus. Combined twins end up sharing organs as well.

57
Q

Describe basic fetal and maternal blood flow to the placenta

A
  1. Maternal arteriole
  2. Pool of maternal blood in placenta
  3. Chorionic villus
  4. Chorionic tissue
  5. Fetal vessels
  6. Umbilical cord artery
  7. Fetus
  8. Umbilical vein
  9. Maternal venule
58
Q

Components that CAN cross the placenta (anything with a MW less than 500)

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Alcohol
  • Cocaine
59
Q

Can protein hormones and insulin cross the placenta

A

No, their molecular weight is too big.

60
Q

Where is CRH produced?

A

Placenta

61
Q

Which hormone is CRH similar to?

A

Hypothalamic CRH

62
Q

Function of CRH

A
  • Placental clock
  • Leads to parturition
63
Q

Explain how the production of progesterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol during pregnancy requires cooperation between the mother, placenta, and two fetal organs

A
  • Fetus converts progesterone to androgens
  • Placenta converts androgens to estrogens
  • Cholesterol comes from the maternal blood
  1. Fetal adrenal cortex = cholesterol + progesterone –> DHEA
  2. Fetal Liver = DHEA –> 16-OH DHEA-S
  3. Placenta = 16-OH DHEA-S –> estriol - estriol and progesterone enters the maternal blood
64
Q

Describe uterine involution and identify the hormones involved

A

Uterine involution is the process of the uterus shrinking back to its normal size (takes 4-6 weeks for endometrial tissue to disintegrate).
Hormones involved: stimulated by rapid decrease in estrogen and progesterone and oxytocin release in lactating mothers.

PSIO469 - Repro (18 decks)

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