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PSIO469 - Repro > Male Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

In addition to germ cells (developing spermatozoa), testis contains two important somatic cell types…

A
  • Sertoli cells (nurse cells)
  • Leydig cells
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2
Q

Leydig cells (vascularized interstitial cells)

A
  • Express LH factors: LH stimulates androgen biosynthesis by stimulating conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone
  • Synthesized androgens can diffuse across the Leydig cell membrane into interstitial space, sertoli cells, and systemic circulation
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3
Q

Androgens

A
  • Testosterone
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
  • Androstenedione (andro)
  • Dihydrotesterone (DHT)
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4
Q

Where is 95% of circulating testosterone synthesized?

A

Testes

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5
Q

Where is 5% of circulating testosterone synthesized?

A

Adrenal cortex

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6
Q

Steroid hormones are…

A

hydrophobic

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7
Q

Carrier proteins increase…

A

the solubility of steroid hormones in aqueous solutions and decrease clearance rate

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8
Q

Where is sex hormone binding globulin produced?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Two carrier proteins

A
  • Sex hormone binding globulin
  • Albumin
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10
Q

60% of testosterone is bound to which carrier protein?

A

Sex hormone binding globulin

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11
Q

25% of testosterone is bound to which carrier protein?

A

Albumin

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12
Q

Where is albumin produced?

A

Liver

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13
Q

Which percent of testosterone is not bound to a carrier protein?

A

15%

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14
Q

Which form of testosterone is biologically active and able to enter the cell to activate its receptor?

A

Free unbound testosterone

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15
Q

FSH Stimulates

A
  • Mitosis of spermatogonia
  • Spermiation (release of sperm into lumen)
  • Production of androgen binding protein
  • Synthesis and secretion of inhibin
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16
Q

Androgen binding protein

A
  • Maintains high testosterone levels in the vicinity of developing germ cells
  • Same amino acid sequence as SHBG but is produced by testes and has different sugar moieties
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17
Q

Inhibin

A
  • Member of the TGFB hormone family
  • Inhibits anterior pituitary gonadotrope secretion of FSH but not LH
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18
Q

Responsibilities of Sertoli cells

A
  1. Express FSH receptors
  2. Maintain the blood-testis barrier
  3. Phagocytize abnormal sperm and excess cytoplasm
  4. Secrete fluid that nourishes sperm and provides transport medium
19
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

Tight junctions between cells to create immune barrier

20
Q

Testosterone concentration in the tubule is…

A

200x higher than in extracellular fluid/systemic circulation due to high androgen binding protein

21
Q

Testosterone in systemic circulation is carried by…

A

A carrier protein (mostly sex hormone binding globulin)

22
Q

Reproductive effects of testosterone

A
  • Maintenance of internal reproductive tract
  • Required for spermatogenesis
23
Q

Anabolic effects of testosterone

A
  • Increased skeletal muscle mass
  • Increased red blood cell production
24
Q

Androgenic effects of testosterone

A
  • Increased libido
  • Deepening of voice
  • Sebum formation by sebaceous gland (acne)
  • Facial hair growth
  • Male pattern baldness
  • Growth of prostate
25
Q

Endogenous

A

Made by the body

26
Q

Exogenous

A

Made outside the body

27
Q

Genetic sex

A
  • XX
  • XY
28
Q

Gonadal sex

A
  • Testes
  • Ovaries
29
Q

Phenotypic sex

A
  • Male
  • Female
30
Q

Mullerian ducts

A

Female reproductive tract

31
Q

Wolffian ducts

A

Male reproductive tracts

32
Q

Fetal development of internal reproductive tract is directly affected by…

A

testosterone

33
Q

Fetal development of external genitalia and prostate requires…

A

conversion of testosterone to DHT by 5 alpha reductase in target tissues

34
Q

SRY gene products contribute to:

A
  1. Differentiation of gonads into testes
  2. Production of anti-mullerian hormone by sertoli cells
  3. Production of testosterone by leydig cells
35
Q

Sertoli cells are located in the __________ and they synthesize _______________.

A

seminiferous tubules; androgen binding protein

36
Q

If the amount of testosterone in a patient’s blood serum decreases, their kisspeptin secretion will ________.

A

Increase

37
Q

If you administer exogenous testosterone to a patient, their LH and FSH production will _________.

A

Decrease

38
Q

If you administer exogenous testosterone to a patient, the testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubule will _________.

A

Decrease (FSH decreases –> ABP decreases –> decreased testosterone concentration)

39
Q

Who is 5 alpha reductase deficiency primarily a concern for?

A

XY genotype (males)

40
Q

5 alpha reductase deficiency

A

Deficiency in enzyme required for conversion of testosterone to DHT

41
Q

How does 5 alpha reductase deficiency impact a developing fetus?

A
  • DHT is required for fetal development of external genitalia and prostate
  • Normal testes but incomplete masculinization of external genitalia
  • Increased testosterone production at puberty results in masculinization
42
Q

Who is androgen insensitivity primarily a concern for?

A

XY genotype (males)

43
Q

Androgen insensitivity

A
  • Deficiency in androgen receptors on target cells
  • Defect in gene controlling the androgen receptor expression
  • Affects actions of T and DHT
44
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for Caster Semenya?

A
  • XY genotype with 5 alpha reductase deficiency
  • Increased testosterone and able to respond to it

PSIO469 - Repro (18 decks)

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