Pregnancy Flashcards
how long is the menstrual cycle normally?
28 days long
when does the menstrual cycle begin?
menstruation
what are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
follicular phase
luteal phase
what is the first half of the menstrual cycle called?
follicular phase
what happens in the follicular phase?
ovum develops in the follicle
oestrogen produced by the follicle
when does LH peak?
at around 14 days
just before ovulation
what happens to the follicle after ovulation?
becomes the corpus luteum
what is the second half of the menstrual cycle called?
the luteal phase
what does the luteum do?
grows and produces progesterone
what happens if fertilisation does not occur?
the luteum dies off
menstrual cycle starts again
what hormone does the ovum produce?
oestradiol
what hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
progesterone
what hormone does the implanted zygote produce?
HCG
what hormone is picked up by a pregnancy test?
HCG
what three hormones are produced by the placenta?
human placental lactogen (HPL)
placental progesterone
placental oestrogens
what causes insulin resistance in a pregnant mother?
placental progesterone
HPL
what are the three types of diabetes found in pregnancy?
type 1
type 2
gestational
what is gestational diabetes?
diabetes that comes on during pregnancy and will go away after
when does foetal organogenesis start?
5 weeks gestation
what are some complications associated with T1 and T2Dm in pregnancy?
malformation
prematurity
IUGR
what are some complications associated with all types of diabetes in pregnancy?
macrosomia
polyhydramnios
intrauterine death
what is macrosomia?
baby >90th centile for size
what is polyhydraminos?
increased amniotic fluid around the baby
name three possible complications that can affect babies of diabetic mothers after birth
respiratory distress
hypoglycaemia
hypocalcaemia
what should be prescribed for all diabetic women who become pregnant?
folic acid 5mg
at least 3 months prior to conception if possible
when are eye checks done in pregnancy for diabetic patients?
every 10 weeks
20 week check can be skipped if week 10 clear
what medications can be given for blood pressure in pregnancy?
labetalol
nifedipine
methyldopa
what blood pressure drugs should be avoided in pregnancy?
ACEi
statins
what medication should be started in all high risk pregnancies and why?
aspirin 150mg at 12 weeks
reduces risk of pregnancy induced hypertension
what should be done in the post-natal period for someone with gestational diabetes?
6 week post natal fasting glucose or OGTT to ensure resolution of diabetes
what impact can thyroid disease have on fertility?
result in anovulatory cycles
what are anovulatory cycles?
menstrual cycles without ovulation
what is maternal thyroxine important for during foetal development?
development of the CNS
what should be done for patients on levothyroxine if they become pregnant?
dose should be increased ASAP
what effect does HCG have on thyroid hormones?
suppresses TSH
causes high T4
what does high HCG cause?
hyperemesis
what anti-thyroid drugs can be used in pregnancy?
propylthiouracil in semester 1
carbimazole in the others
