Infertility

Question 1

what is infertility?

Answer 1

the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular sexual intercourse in a couple who have never had a child

Question 2

what is primary infertility?

Answer 2

infertility in a couple who have never conceived

Question 3

what is secondary infertility?

Answer 3

infertility in a couple who have previously conceived but the pregnancy was unsuccessful

Question 4

who is more likely to be affected by anorexia nervosa?

Answer 4

females

Question 5

what are the clinical features of anorexia nervosa?

Answer 5

low BMI
hair loss
low pulse + BP
anaemia

Question 6

what are the endocrine features of anorexia nervosa?

Answer 6

low FSH
low LH
low oestradiol

Question 7

what is the most common endocrine disorder in women?

Answer 7

PCOS

Question 8

what exacerbates PCOS?

Answer 8

weight gain

Question 9

what are five clinical features of PCOS?

Answer 9

obesity 
hirsutism
acne 
cycle abnormalities 
infertility

Question 10

what are the endocrine features of PCOS?

Answer 10

high free androgens
high LH
impaired glucose tolerance

Question 11

what are the diagnostic criteria for PCOS?

Answer 11

chronic anovulation
polycystic ovaries on USS
hyperandrogenism

Question 12

when is PCOS diagnosed?

Answer 12

when a patient has 2/3 of the diagnostic criteria

Question 13

what genetic conditions can cause premature ovarian failure?

Answer 13

turner’s syndrome

fragile X

Question 14

besides genetics, what are some causes of premature ovarian failure?

Answer 14

idiopathic
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
oophorectomy

Question 15

how does premature ovarian failure present?

Answer 15

hot flushes
night sweats
atrophic vaginitis

Question 16

what are the endocrine features of premature ovarian failure?

Answer 16

high FSH
high LH
low oestradiol

Question 17

what are some infective causes of tubal disease?

Answer 17

pelvic inflammatory disease

transperitoneal spread of infection

Question 18

what are three non infective causes of tubal disease?

Answer 18

endometriosis
surgery
fibroids

Question 19

what tubal disease can pelvic inflammatory disease often cause?

Answer 19

hydrosalpinx

Question 20

what is endometriosis?

Answer 20

the presence of endometrial glands outside the uterine cavity

Question 21

how does endometriosis present?

Answer 21

dysmenorrhoea
menorrhagia
painful defecation
chronic pelvic pain

Question 22

what can be seen on scans in endometriosis?

Answer 22

chocolate cysts on the ovary

Question 23

what are the two types of male infertility?

Answer 23

non obstructive

obstruction

Question 24

name four causes of non obstructive male infertility

Answer 24

klinefelter’s
chemotherapy
undescended testes
idiopathic

Question 25

how does non obstructive infertility present?

Answer 25

low testicular volume | reduced secondary sexual characteristics

Question 26

what are the endocrine features of non obstructive infertility?

Answer 26

high LH high FSH low testosterone

Question 27

name three causes of obstructive infertility

Answer 27

congenital absence of vas infection vasectomy

Question 28

is the vas deferens present in non obstructive infertility?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

how does obstructive infertility present?

Answer 29

just as fertility problems

Question 30

what are the endocrine features of obstructive infertility?

Answer 30

all normal

Question 31

what midluteal progesterone level suggests ovulation has occured?

Answer 31

over 30

Question 32

what test is done to determine if uterine tubes are patent?

Answer 32

hysterosalpingogram