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Ecology > Predation and Herbivory > Flashcards

Predation and Herbivory Flashcards

1
Q

Introduced species

A

A species that is introduced to a region of the world where it has not historically existed.

Also known as exotic species or non-native species

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2
Q

Invasive species

A

An introduced species that spreads rapidly and has negative effects on other species, human recreation, or human economies

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3
Q

Parasitoids

A

Live within the tissues of a living host and consume them inside out until they eventually die

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4
Q

Biological control

A

Introductions of one species to help control the abundance of another species

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5
Q

Mesopredators
Top predators

A

Relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores
-coyotes, weasels, feral cats

Predators that typically consume both herbivores and mesopredators
-wolves, lions, sharks

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6
Q

Lotka-Volterra model

A

A model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in the abundance of predator and prey populations and shows predator number slagging behind those of their prey

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7
Q

Growth rate of prey population over time equation

A

dN/dt=rN-cNP

rN=growth of prey population based on intros is growth rate

cNP=loss of prey due to predation

NP=random encounter between predator and prey

c=capture efficiency

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8
Q

Growth rate of predator population equation

A

dP/dt=acNP-mP

acNP= birth rate of the predator pop
cNP= number of prey consumed by predator pop
a=efficiency of converting consumed prey into offspring

mP=death rate of predator population
m=per capita death rate

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9
Q

A prey population of stable when it’s rate of change is _____

A

0

0=rN-cNP

Or rN=cNP

Or P=r/c

Therefore prey population will be stable when the number of predators equals the ratio of preys growth rate and the predators capture efficiency

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10
Q

When will the prey population increase

A

When rN>cNP
Or P<r/c

When the addition of prey (rN) exceeds the consumption of prey (cNP)

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11
Q

When is predator population stable

A

0=acNP-mP

Or

acNP=mp

Or

N=m/ac

When the production of new predators is equal to the mortality of existing predators

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12
Q

When will the predator population increase

A

acNP>mP

Or

N>m/ac

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13
Q

Equilibrium isocline

A

The population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable. Also known as zero growth isocline

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14
Q

Joint population trajectory

A

The simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations

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15
Q

Joint equilibrium point

A

Point at which the equilibrium isocline for predator and prey populations cross

-no change over time
-if either pop strays from this point, then oscillations begin again

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16
Q

Looks volterra model does not include what

A

-time delays
-density dependence
-real foraging behaviour of most predators and herbivores

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17
Q

Functional response

A

The relationship between the density of prey and an individual predators rate of food consumption

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18
Q

Type 1 functional response

A

When predators rate of prey consumption increases linearly with an increase in prey density until the predator is satiated
-negligible handling time
-spiders, whales

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19
Q

Type 2 functional response

A

Predators rate of prey consumption begins to slow down as prey density increases and then plateaus when satiation occurs
-handling time keeps predator from catching another prey for a certain period

Ex: true predators (BOA CONSTRICTOR)

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20
Q

Type 3 functional response

A

Prey consumption increases slowly when prey population density increases form very low numbers, consumption is rapid when prey population density is moderate, and slow prey consumption under high prey densities

Greater success as predator when prey are more abundant: decreased search time, prey switching

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21
Q

Search image

A

A learned mental image that helps the predator locate and capture food

22
Q

Numerical response

A

A change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration

23
Q

Most common behaviour defences

A

-alarm calling
-spatial avoidance
-reduced activity

24
Q

Crypsis

A

Camouflage that either allows an individual to match its environment or breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background environment

25
Q

Warning colouration or aposemstism

A

A strategy in which distasteful ness evolved in association with very conspicuous colours and patterns

26
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

When palatable species evolve warning colouration that resembles unpalatable species

27
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

When several unpalatable species evole a similar pattern of warning colouration

28
Q

Coevolution

A

When two or more species affect each other’s evolution

29
Q

True predators characteristics

A

-lethal
-many prey
-consume all or most parts
-tigers, polar bears, seed eating rodents

30
Q

Grazers characteristics

A

-not predictably Lethal
-many prey
-consume parts
-sheep, cows

31
Q

Parasites characteristics

A

-not lethal in short term
-one or few prey
-consume parts
-tape work, fluke

32
Q

Parasitoid characteristics

A

-lethal (slowly)
-one
-consume whole
-10% of all species (flies and wasps)

33
Q

Folivory

A

Predation on leaves

34
Q

Short term effects of folivary

A

-loss of photosynthetic and transpiration rate
-loss of stored minerals
-decreased total carbon fixation?
-increased photosynthetic rate (temporary)
-decreased nutrient acquisition
-decreased self shading
-increased induction of secondary metabolites
-lignification of leaves

35
Q

Negative effects on plant fitness (progeny) depend on:

A

-part of plant affected
-timing of development
-frequency and duration of attacks
-spatial pattern of damage
-type of damage (chewers, suckers..)
-resource availability

36
Q

Compensation recovery of effects of herbivory

A

-removal of shade leaves= photosynthesis increases in leaves that used to be shaded
-altered sink: source relation: increased activity of remaining sources or reduced demand
-reduced seed abortion

37
Q

Where more or less fruits produced by plant that was damaged

A

More, less abortion

38
Q

Natural herbivory’s result on shoot growth

A

-if apical meristem is damaged, it will release dominance and develop into more shoots

39
Q

Pollen production and leaf damage

A

The more leaf damage, the more seeds sired by pollen grains

40
Q

Tolerance

A

Ability for plants to keep growing and or reproduce after herbivory

Needs to be estimated by
-clones
-full sib
-half sib

41
Q

Common depictions of tolerance

A

Underestimation: greater fitness when undamaged

Exact compensation: equal fitness with damaged or undamaged

Overcompensation: greater fitness when damaged

42
Q

Constitutive plant defence

Induced plant defence

A

Always expressed in the plant

Appear or increase in concentration after herbivory

43
Q

Defence

A

Traits that reduce the negative fitness consequences of herbivory

44
Q

Resistance
Tolerance

A

Reduce the likelihood of attacks

Ability to maintain fitness despite loss of tissue to herbivores (having thick skin)

45
Q

Induced response involves use of

A

Production of secondary metabolites: phenols, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, lignin etc.
-C or N based

46
Q

Direct costs of defence

A

Resources used for production of defensive compounds or compensation cannot be used simultaneously for other functions (growth, reproduction)

47
Q

Opportunity costs

A

Resources used in defence early in ontogeny have an effect later on

48
Q

Costs of defence

A

Self toxicity- most plants he toxin in vacuoles or enzymes separately that only mix when herbivory takes place.

Defence against one species may attract another

49
Q

Functional response

A

Relationship between the rate of prey consumption by an individual predator and the density of the prey

50
Q

Numerical response

A

Change in the number of predators due to population growth or movement of individuals

51
Q

Evolution of defences (types)

A

Behavioural
Crypsis
Structural
Chemical
Mimicry

52
Q

Müeller and batesian mimicry

A

Mimicry in which the organism does have ability to defend still

Mimicry in which the organism has no defence other than the mimic

Ecology (13 decks)

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