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Ecology > Life Histories > Flashcards

Life Histories Flashcards

1
Q

Life histories

A

The sequence and timing of events that occur between birth and death

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2
Q

Iteroparous discrete breeding

Iteroparous continuous breeding

Semelparous (monocarpic, univoltine)

A

Short juvenile phase, multiple moderate producing reproductive phases

Short juvenile phase, continuous low producing reproductive phase

Long juvenile phase, short lived by highly successful producing reproductive phase

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3
Q

Unitary individual

A

Structural units=genetic units
-determinate form and development

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4
Q

Modular individuals

A

Unpredictable form/development
-structure units are not genetic units

-Ramets
-genets

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5
Q

Ramets

A

Structural units, separate modules (tillers, bulbs from same rhizome)

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6
Q

Genets

A

Any collection of Ramets that originated from the same zygote

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7
Q

Fecundity

A

The number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode

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8
Q

Parity

A

The number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences

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9
Q

Fast life history

A

-greater number of offspring
-shorter life span
-faster growth
-earlier reproduction
-earlier sexual maturity
-smaller parental investment

Ex: rat, fruit fly

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10
Q

Slow life history

A

-fewer offspring
-longer life span
-slower growth
-delayed reproduction
Later sexual maturation
-greater parental investment

Ex: elephant, oak tree

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11
Q

Do all animals fit into fast or slow life histories?

A

No, some have traits from both

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12
Q

Combinations of life history in plants represented by triangle of environmental conditions

A

stress tolerator
Competitors
Ruderals

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13
Q

Stress tolerators

A

-can survive and reproduce under extreme environmental conditions such as low water availability, very cold temperatures, or high salt concentrations.

-slow growth rate
-late sexual maturity
-low energy proportion to make seeds
-frequently important vegetative reproduction

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14
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

Form of asexual reproduction in which new plants develop from the roots and stems of existing plants

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15
Q

Competitor plants

A

Environment less stressful, less disturbances

-grow quick
-achieve sexual maturity early
-devote small amount of energy to seeds
-often vegetative reproduction
-grow to large sizes
-exhibit long life spans

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16
Q

Ruderals

A

Low stress, high frequency of disturbance

-fast growth
-early maturation
-use high proportion of energy to make seeds
-reproduce quickly

Include weeds

17
Q

Principle of allocation

A

The observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behaviour, they cannot be allocated to another

18
Q

Plants that produce more seeds produce ______ seeds

A

Smaller

19
Q

The more offspring an organism has…..the ______ time there is to spend with the offspring

A

Less

20
Q

Tropical birds have ______ growth in their early nesting life than temperature birds. However tropical birds had _____ growth later in their nesting life

A

Slower

Faster

Tropical birds produce fewer higher quality offspring to increase survival rates

Temperature birds produce more nestlings at the cost of each nestling being in lower fitness

21
Q

Increasing number of offspring provides what effect to parents

A

Diminishing fitness

More adult Mortality

22
Q

Determinate growth

A

A growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once if initiated reproduction

Most birds and mammals

23
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

A growth pattern in which an individual continues to grow after it initiated reproduction

Amphibians, fish, reptiles

24
Q

Do endothermic or ectothermic organisms grow more rapidly

A

Endothermic

25
Q

Annual

Perennial

A

An organism that has a life span of one year

An organism that has a life span of more than one year

26
Q

Semelparity appears to arise when there is a

A

Massive amount of energy required for reproduction such as long migration or giant flowering stalks

-makes it difficult to survive after reproductive event

Salmon, agave, cicadas

27
Q

Senescence

A

A gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality

28
Q

Photoperiod

A

The amount of light that occurs each day

29
Q

Embryos and embryo predator detection

A

Embryos can speed up their hatching to avoid being eaten if they sense a predator

30
Q

Growth and reproduction timing

A

Some species delay their growth to start reproducing quicker if threatened. However, their smaller body size can only produce smaller amounts of offspring

31
Q

Flower times and average annual temperature

A

With global warmings effects, some plants are flowering earlier, in connection with their preferred temperatures

32
Q

Types of annuals

A

-facultative annuals: not necessarily 1 year life, may live to second
-ephemerals: short life span during favourable conditions
-supra annuals: love for long time then semelparous; biennials (1 year to grow, 1 to reproduce)

33
Q

Trade offs in life histories

A

-more offspring=smaller egg size
-more seeds=less seed mass
-small seeds=small plants
-more seedling dry mass=more seed mass
-# of propagules = more weight of propagules per stem

34
Q

Is r or k selection better

A

Neither better

Just different ways

35
Q

R selected traits

A

-high reproductive potential (intrinsic rate of increase)
-not strongly favoured competitively
-rapid development
-early reproduction
-small body size
-single reproduction event (selemparous)
-many small offspring

36
Q

K selected traits

A

-low reproductive potential
-competitive ability favoured
-slow development
-late reproduction
-large body size
-many reproductive events (Iteroparous)
-large offspring

37
Q

Natural selection favours the pattern of resource allocation that yields the

A

Highest fitness

38
Q

R and k fits which area of triangle

A

K for competition and stress tolerators

R for ruderals

39
Q

Ruderals, competitive and stress tolerant main factors

A

R: Rapid growth, many seeds, short life

S: slow growth, evergreen, conserve resources, unpalatable

C: Intermediate? Plants grow well where disturbances and stress are low. Become good competitors that are efficient at appropriating resources

Ecology (13 decks)

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