Life Histories

Question 1

Life histories

Answer 1

The sequence and timing of events that occur between birth and death

Question 2

Iteroparous discrete breeding

Iteroparous continuous breeding

Semelparous (monocarpic, univoltine)

Answer 2

Short juvenile phase, multiple moderate producing reproductive phases

Short juvenile phase, continuous low producing reproductive phase

Long juvenile phase, short lived by highly successful producing reproductive phase

Question 3

Unitary individual

Answer 3

Structural units=genetic units
-determinate form and development

Question 4

Modular individuals

Answer 4

Unpredictable form/development
-structure units are not genetic units

-Ramets
-genets

Question 5

Ramets

Answer 5

Structural units, separate modules (tillers, bulbs from same rhizome)

Question 6

Genets

Answer 6

Any collection of Ramets that originated from the same zygote

Question 7

Fecundity

Answer 7

The number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode

Question 8

Parity

Answer 8

The number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences

Question 9

Fast life history

Answer 9

-greater number of offspring
-shorter life span
-faster growth
-earlier reproduction
-earlier sexual maturity
-smaller parental investment

Ex: rat, fruit fly

Question 10

Slow life history

Answer 10

-fewer offspring
-longer life span
-slower growth
-delayed reproduction
Later sexual maturation
-greater parental investment

Ex: elephant, oak tree

Question 11

Do all animals fit into fast or slow life histories?

Answer 11

No, some have traits from both

Question 12

Combinations of life history in plants represented by triangle of environmental conditions

Answer 12

stress tolerator
Competitors
Ruderals

Question 13

Stress tolerators

Answer 13

-can survive and reproduce under extreme environmental conditions such as low water availability, very cold temperatures, or high salt concentrations.

-slow growth rate
-late sexual maturity
-low energy proportion to make seeds
-frequently important vegetative reproduction

Question 14

Vegetative reproduction

Answer 14

Form of asexual reproduction in which new plants develop from the roots and stems of existing plants

Question 15

Competitor plants

Answer 15

Environment less stressful, less disturbances

-grow quick
-achieve sexual maturity early
-devote small amount of energy to seeds
-often vegetative reproduction
-grow to large sizes
-exhibit long life spans

Question 16

Ruderals

Answer 16

Low stress, high frequency of disturbance

-fast growth
-early maturation
-use high proportion of energy to make seeds
-reproduce quickly

Include weeds

Question 17

Principle of allocation

Answer 17

The observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behaviour, they cannot be allocated to another

Question 18

Plants that produce more seeds produce ______ seeds

Answer 18

Smaller

Question 19

The more offspring an organism has…..the ______ time there is to spend with the offspring

Answer 19

Less

Question 20

Tropical birds have ______ growth in their early nesting life than temperature birds. However tropical birds had _____ growth later in their nesting life

Answer 20

Slower

Faster

Tropical birds produce fewer higher quality offspring to increase survival rates

Temperature birds produce more nestlings at the cost of each nestling being in lower fitness

Question 21

Increasing number of offspring provides what effect to parents

Answer 21

Diminishing fitness

More adult Mortality

Question 22

Determinate growth

Answer 22

A growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once if initiated reproduction

Most birds and mammals

Question 23

Indeterminate growth

Answer 23

A growth pattern in which an individual continues to grow after it initiated reproduction

Amphibians, fish, reptiles

Question 24

Do endothermic or ectothermic organisms grow more rapidly

Answer 24

Endothermic

Question 25

Annual Perennial

Answer 25

An organism that has a life span of one year An organism that has a life span of more than one year

Question 26

Semelparity appears to arise when there is a

Answer 26

Massive amount of energy required for reproduction such as long migration or giant flowering stalks -makes it difficult to survive after reproductive event Salmon, agave, cicadas

Question 27

Senescence

Answer 27

A gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality

Question 28

Photoperiod

Answer 28

The amount of light that occurs each day

Question 29

Embryos and embryo predator detection

Answer 29

Embryos can speed up their hatching to avoid being eaten if they sense a predator

Question 30

Growth and reproduction timing

Answer 30

Some species delay their growth to start reproducing quicker if threatened. However, their smaller body size can only produce smaller amounts of offspring

Question 31

Flower times and average annual temperature

Answer 31

With global warmings effects, some plants are flowering earlier, in connection with their preferred temperatures

Question 32

Types of annuals

Answer 32

-facultative annuals: not necessarily 1 year life, may live to second -ephemerals: short life span during favourable conditions -supra annuals: love for long time then semelparous; biennials (1 year to grow, 1 to reproduce)

Question 33

Trade offs in life histories

Answer 33

-more offspring=smaller egg size -more seeds=less seed mass -small seeds=small plants -more seedling dry mass=more seed mass -# of propagules = more weight of propagules per stem

Question 34

Is r or k selection better

Answer 34

Neither better Just different ways

Question 35

R selected traits

Answer 35

-high reproductive potential (intrinsic rate of increase) -not strongly favoured competitively -rapid development -early reproduction -small body size -single reproduction event (selemparous) -many small offspring

Question 36

K selected traits

Answer 36

-low reproductive potential -competitive ability favoured -slow development -late reproduction -large body size -many reproductive events (Iteroparous) -large offspring

Question 37

Natural selection favours the pattern of resource allocation that yields the

Answer 37

Highest fitness

Question 38

R and k fits which area of triangle

Answer 38

K for competition and stress tolerators R for ruderals

Question 39

Ruderals, competitive and stress tolerant main factors

Answer 39

R: Rapid growth, many seeds, short life S: slow growth, evergreen, conserve resources, unpalatable C: Intermediate? Plants grow well where disturbances and stress are low. Become good competitors that are efficient at appropriating resources