Adaptations To Aquatic Environments Flashcards
Uptake of gases from water is limited by
Diffusion
Temperature limit is occurrence of aquatic ____
Life
Adaptations
Inherited traits of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in a particular environment
Adaptation
The result of natural secretion
Increased mean fitness of a generation relative to its progenitor generation as a result of having phenotypes that confer them with enhanced survival and reproduction
Waters prosperities that are favourable to life
-abundant
-immense capacity to dissolve inorganic compounds
-properties: thermal, density, and viscosity
Melting and boiling point of water
(Waters thermal properties)
0°c
100°c
Dissolved salts or other compounds and their effect on melting and boiling points
Lower melting point
Increase boiling point
(If you had more salt in cells, you’d freeze slower)
Specific heat
(Waters thermal properties)
Energy to heat 1g of a substance by 1°c
Water takes 1 cal of heat to increase 1 kg of water by 1°c
Absorbs much heat without changing temperature
SH of air is 0.0002 cal at 27°c
Latent heat of vaporization
(Waters thermal properties)
Energy needed to change 1 kg of water to gas
Latent heat of fusion
(Waters thermal properties)
Energy removed from 1 kg liquid water to convert it to ice
Ice is ____ dense than water
Less
Floats
Highest density of water
4°c
In which seasons does water mix
Spring and fall
When the temperatures are steady throughout depth
The _____ of organisms relative to water determines whether they _____
Density
Float
What helps organisms float
Lipids (fats, oils)
-oil droplets in microscopic algae
Gas in vesicles of different sizes
-swim bladder in some fish
Viscosity
Resistance of fluid to deformation in shear causes resistance for objects moving through it.
Thickness of a fluid that causes objects to encounter resistance as they move through it
Greater viscosity in ____ water
Cold
What slows down sinking in aquatic organisms
Long, feathery appendages
Many substances dissolve in water and therefore contains many elements needed by organisms like….
H, C, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Mo
What in nature contains silicon
Diatom cells
Grasses
Makes it hard to chew
What dissolved inorganic nutrient does chlorophyll contain
Magnesium
Salinity in lakes vs oceans
0.1-0.2%
3.4%-evaporation takes water but not salt
Normal range of pH for lakes, streams and wetlands
5-9
Acid rain contains what
SO2, NO2
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
The environmental protection act has reduced SO2 deposition by _____
84%
Hypersomotic fish
Lake fish
Take in water from gills (osmosis) and mouth from eating. Kidneys eliminate excess water.
Take in solutes from food and gills, kidneys retain most of the solutes
Organisms with body fluids with a lower concentration of water and high solute concentration than external environment.
When an organism has a higher concentration of solutes in its tissues than the surrounding water
NEED SALT!
Hypoosmotic fish
Ocean fish
Drink water, osmotic loss of water from gills. Kidneys conserve water
Take in salt from seawater, active secretion from gills. Kidneys secrete most of the solutes in urine
Organisms with Body fluids with a higher concentration of water and lower solute concentration than external environment.
Organism has a lower solute concentration in its tissues than the surrounding water.
Don’t need more salt!
Dolphin excretion vs shark excretion
Food protein goes in, converted to ammonia, excreted ammonia
Food protein goes in, converted to ammonia, converted to urea. Some urea retained and some excreted. The retained urea offsets the concentration graduate to between body (blood) and water.
Trimethylamine oxide-protects proteins from effects of urea
Sharks and raya convert ammonia into urea and then retain some in their bloodstream. This results in a higher solute concentration that helps offset the hypoosmotic effect
Wood frogs vs salamander salt experiment
Conductivity=measure of salt
High concentration of salt on roadsides which means spotted salamanders can not survive there, but wood frogs can to some degree.
Mangrove plants can absorbs _____ and have glands to secrete ____ on leaves
Salt
Salt crystals
Diffusion is slower in ____ than _____
Water
Air
Uptake if gasses from water is limited by
Diffusion
As the amount of CO2 declines, some of the ______ are converted to CO2 to reel ish the supply
Bicarbonate ions
Bicarbonate has more carbon than CO2 so….
Plants use it more!
Thickens of Boundary layer
-moving water
-stagnant water
10 micrometers
500 micrometers
Concurrent flow vs countercurrent flow
Not in gills
-percent of saturation of oxygen come to equilibrium in blood and water
Movement of two fluids in the same direction on either side of a barrier through which heat or dissolved substances are exchanged
Occurs in gills
-concentration of oxygen in the Ayer exceeds the concentration in the blood
-allows for much more oxygen to be taken up!
-countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient
Movement of two fluids in opposite direction on either side of a barrier through which heat or dissolved substances are exchanged.
Boundary layer
a thin layer of still air hugging the surface of the leaf. This layer of air is not moving. For transpiration to occur, water vapor leaving the stomata must diffuse through this motionless layer to reach the atmosphere where the water vapor will be removed by moving air.
High wind speed, dry and hot air opens stomata’s and more water leaves through transpiration
Rate or most biological processes increase _______ times for each 10°c
2-4
How do salamander eggs get their oxygen
Algae that “infect” the eggs
What solutes in cytoplasm of fish can help for event freezing
Glycerol
Glycoproteins
Thermal optima
Range of temperatures at which an organism performs best
Enzymatic actor affects with different temperatures
Too low: cellular damage, membrane rupture
Low: slow chemical reactions
High: faster reactions
Too high: denaturation
Acherylcholinesterase and rainbow trout
Two isozymes: winter and summer
Both working always, but more efficient in the temperature they work with.
Psychrophilic bacteria optimal temperature
-2 - 9°c
Fastest growth at 4°c
Even some growth at -5.5°c
Thermophilic bacteria optimal temperature
> 40°c
Fastest growth at 63-80°c
Hyperthemiphiles optimal temperature
> 80°c
Optimal at 110°c
Tolerance curves show where organisms perform which things at optimal temperature and pH levels
Reproduction
Individual growth
Individual survival
Examples of adaptations to aquatic life
-streamlined body shape
-reduced hind limbs
-internal ears
-nostrils on top of head
-oxygen storage in hemoglobin and myoglobin
-higher metabolic rate to generate heat
-counter current heat exchange
-blubber
Heat loss occurs ______ in water than air
Faster
Need thick fat layer to insulate
Specific heat
Amount of heat required to increase temperature by 1°c
Water has high specific heat so it takes a while
Hydrothermal vents and animal/bacteria relationship
Deep water Vents release hot water and sulfur compounds. Tube worms possess chemo synthetic bacteria in their organs. The bacteria use the sullied to produce organic compounds that can be passed to the tube work as food.
Acidity
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution
Commonly measured as pH
What has reduced acid rain
Scrubbers
Limestone and water that gases are pushed through to limit acids
Passive vs active transport
Move along concentration gradient from high to low concentration
Move against concentration gradient to maintain their concentration -uses energy
Bicarbonate ion is most common form
Carbon dioxide is most common form
Of inorganic cabin
Moderate oH conditions
Acidic condition
Does bicarbonate or CO2 diffuse faster in boundary layer
CO2
Adaptations to low oxygenated areas
-extra hemoglobin
-taking gulps of air
-low activity rates
-swim bladder storage
-mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic algae
Thermoregulation
The ability of an organism to control the temperature of its body
Homeotherms
Poikilotherms
Heterotherms
Ecotherms
Endotherms
An organism that maintains constant temperature conditions within its cells
Organism that does not have constant body temperature
An organism that sometimes maintains a relatively constant body temperature and at other times has a body temperature that is a product of the surrounding environmental temperature
Organism with a body temperature that is largely determined by its external environment
Organism that can generate sufficient metabolic heat to raise body temperature high than the external environment
Thermal pollution
Discharging water that is too hot to sustain aquatic species
Supercooling
A process in which glycoproteins in the blood impeded ice formation by coating any ice crystals that begin to form
Osmotic potential
The force with which an aqueous solution attracts water by osmosis
Stemothermal and urothermal
Can live in on my a small temperature different areas
Can live in variety of temperatures
