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Ecology > Adaptations To Aquatic Environments > Flashcards

Adaptations To Aquatic Environments Flashcards

1
Q

Uptake of gases from water is limited by

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

Temperature limit is occurrence of aquatic ____

A

Life

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3
Q

Adaptations

A

Inherited traits of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in a particular environment

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

The result of natural secretion

Increased mean fitness of a generation relative to its progenitor generation as a result of having phenotypes that confer them with enhanced survival and reproduction

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5
Q

Waters prosperities that are favourable to life

A

-abundant
-immense capacity to dissolve inorganic compounds
-properties: thermal, density, and viscosity

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6
Q

Melting and boiling point of water

(Waters thermal properties)

A

0°c

100°c

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7
Q

Dissolved salts or other compounds and their effect on melting and boiling points

A

Lower melting point

Increase boiling point

(If you had more salt in cells, you’d freeze slower)

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8
Q

Specific heat

(Waters thermal properties)

A

Energy to heat 1g of a substance by 1°c

Water takes 1 cal of heat to increase 1 kg of water by 1°c

Absorbs much heat without changing temperature

SH of air is 0.0002 cal at 27°c

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9
Q

Latent heat of vaporization

(Waters thermal properties)

A

Energy needed to change 1 kg of water to gas

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10
Q

Latent heat of fusion

(Waters thermal properties)

A

Energy removed from 1 kg liquid water to convert it to ice

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11
Q

Ice is ____ dense than water

A

Less

Floats

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12
Q

Highest density of water

A

4°c

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13
Q

In which seasons does water mix

A

Spring and fall

When the temperatures are steady throughout depth

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14
Q

The _____ of organisms relative to water determines whether they _____

A

Density

Float

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15
Q

What helps organisms float

A

Lipids (fats, oils)
-oil droplets in microscopic algae

Gas in vesicles of different sizes
-swim bladder in some fish

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16
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of fluid to deformation in shear causes resistance for objects moving through it.

Thickness of a fluid that causes objects to encounter resistance as they move through it

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17
Q

Greater viscosity in ____ water

A

Cold

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18
Q

What slows down sinking in aquatic organisms

A

Long, feathery appendages

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19
Q

Many substances dissolve in water and therefore contains many elements needed by organisms like….

A

H, C, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Mo

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20
Q

What in nature contains silicon

A

Diatom cells
Grasses

Makes it hard to chew

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21
Q

What dissolved inorganic nutrient does chlorophyll contain

A

Magnesium

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22
Q

Salinity in lakes vs oceans

A

0.1-0.2%

3.4%-evaporation takes water but not salt

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23
Q

Normal range of pH for lakes, streams and wetlands

A

5-9

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24
Q

Acid rain contains what

A

SO2, NO2

Sulfur dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide

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25
Q

The environmental protection act has reduced SO2 deposition by _____

A

84%

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26
Q

Hypersomotic fish

A

Lake fish

Take in water from gills (osmosis) and mouth from eating. Kidneys eliminate excess water.

Take in solutes from food and gills, kidneys retain most of the solutes

Organisms with body fluids with a lower concentration of water and high solute concentration than external environment.

When an organism has a higher concentration of solutes in its tissues than the surrounding water

NEED SALT!

27
Q

Hypoosmotic fish

A

Ocean fish

Drink water, osmotic loss of water from gills. Kidneys conserve water

Take in salt from seawater, active secretion from gills. Kidneys secrete most of the solutes in urine

Organisms with Body fluids with a higher concentration of water and lower solute concentration than external environment.

Organism has a lower solute concentration in its tissues than the surrounding water.

Don’t need more salt!

28
Q

Dolphin excretion vs shark excretion

A

Food protein goes in, converted to ammonia, excreted ammonia

Food protein goes in, converted to ammonia, converted to urea. Some urea retained and some excreted. The retained urea offsets the concentration graduate to between body (blood) and water.

Trimethylamine oxide-protects proteins from effects of urea

Sharks and raya convert ammonia into urea and then retain some in their bloodstream. This results in a higher solute concentration that helps offset the hypoosmotic effect

29
Q

Wood frogs vs salamander salt experiment

A

Conductivity=measure of salt

High concentration of salt on roadsides which means spotted salamanders can not survive there, but wood frogs can to some degree.

30
Q

Mangrove plants can absorbs _____ and have glands to secrete ____ on leaves

A

Salt

Salt crystals

31
Q

Diffusion is slower in ____ than _____

A

Water

Air

32
Q

Uptake if gasses from water is limited by

A

Diffusion

33
Q

As the amount of CO2 declines, some of the ______ are converted to CO2 to reel ish the supply

A

Bicarbonate ions

34
Q

Bicarbonate has more carbon than CO2 so….

A

Plants use it more!

35
Q

Thickens of Boundary layer
-moving water
-stagnant water

A

10 micrometers
500 micrometers

36
Q

Concurrent flow vs countercurrent flow

A

Not in gills
-percent of saturation of oxygen come to equilibrium in blood and water

Movement of two fluids in the same direction on either side of a barrier through which heat or dissolved substances are exchanged

Occurs in gills
-concentration of oxygen in the Ayer exceeds the concentration in the blood
-allows for much more oxygen to be taken up!
-countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient

Movement of two fluids in opposite direction on either side of a barrier through which heat or dissolved substances are exchanged.

37
Q

Boundary layer

A

a thin layer of still air hugging the surface of the leaf. This layer of air is not moving. For transpiration to occur, water vapor leaving the stomata must diffuse through this motionless layer to reach the atmosphere where the water vapor will be removed by moving air.

High wind speed, dry and hot air opens stomata’s and more water leaves through transpiration

38
Q

Rate or most biological processes increase _______ times for each 10°c

A

2-4

39
Q

How do salamander eggs get their oxygen

A

Algae that “infect” the eggs

40
Q

What solutes in cytoplasm of fish can help for event freezing

A

Glycerol
Glycoproteins

41
Q

Thermal optima

A

Range of temperatures at which an organism performs best

42
Q

Enzymatic actor affects with different temperatures

A

Too low: cellular damage, membrane rupture
Low: slow chemical reactions
High: faster reactions
Too high: denaturation

43
Q

Acherylcholinesterase and rainbow trout

A

Two isozymes: winter and summer

Both working always, but more efficient in the temperature they work with.

44
Q

Psychrophilic bacteria optimal temperature

A

-2 - 9°c
Fastest growth at 4°c
Even some growth at -5.5°c

45
Q

Thermophilic bacteria optimal temperature

A

> 40°c
Fastest growth at 63-80°c

46
Q

Hyperthemiphiles optimal temperature

A

> 80°c

Optimal at 110°c

47
Q

Tolerance curves show where organisms perform which things at optimal temperature and pH levels

A

Reproduction
Individual growth
Individual survival

48
Q

Examples of adaptations to aquatic life

A

-streamlined body shape
-reduced hind limbs
-internal ears
-nostrils on top of head
-oxygen storage in hemoglobin and myoglobin
-higher metabolic rate to generate heat
-counter current heat exchange
-blubber

49
Q

Heat loss occurs ______ in water than air

A

Faster

Need thick fat layer to insulate

50
Q

Specific heat

A

Amount of heat required to increase temperature by 1°c

Water has high specific heat so it takes a while

51
Q

Hydrothermal vents and animal/bacteria relationship

A

Deep water Vents release hot water and sulfur compounds. Tube worms possess chemo synthetic bacteria in their organs. The bacteria use the sullied to produce organic compounds that can be passed to the tube work as food.

52
Q

Acidity

A

Concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Commonly measured as pH

53
Q

What has reduced acid rain

A

Scrubbers

Limestone and water that gases are pushed through to limit acids

54
Q

Passive vs active transport

A

Move along concentration gradient from high to low concentration

Move against concentration gradient to maintain their concentration -uses energy

55
Q

Bicarbonate ion is most common form

Carbon dioxide is most common form

Of inorganic cabin

A

Moderate oH conditions

Acidic condition

56
Q

Does bicarbonate or CO2 diffuse faster in boundary layer

A

CO2

57
Q

Adaptations to low oxygenated areas

A

-extra hemoglobin
-taking gulps of air
-low activity rates
-swim bladder storage
-mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic algae

58
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The ability of an organism to control the temperature of its body

59
Q

Homeotherms

Poikilotherms

Heterotherms

Ecotherms

Endotherms

A

An organism that maintains constant temperature conditions within its cells

Organism that does not have constant body temperature

An organism that sometimes maintains a relatively constant body temperature and at other times has a body temperature that is a product of the surrounding environmental temperature

Organism with a body temperature that is largely determined by its external environment

Organism that can generate sufficient metabolic heat to raise body temperature high than the external environment

60
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Discharging water that is too hot to sustain aquatic species

61
Q

Supercooling

A

A process in which glycoproteins in the blood impeded ice formation by coating any ice crystals that begin to form

62
Q

Osmotic potential

A

The force with which an aqueous solution attracts water by osmosis

63
Q

Stemothermal and urothermal

A

Can live in on my a small temperature different areas

Can live in variety of temperatures

Ecology (13 decks)

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