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Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution

A

The way in which something is spread out over an area

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2
Q

Dynamics

A

A force that stimulates a change within a system
-branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces

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3
Q

Population dynamics

A

Changes in population size, density, structure; patterns and causes

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4
Q

Distribution limits are also

A

Niches

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5
Q

Fundamental population ecology equation

A

N(t+1)=N(t)+B-S+I-E

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6
Q

Population

A

Group of organism of the same species that occupy a particular place at a particular time

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7
Q

Demes

A

Possible subdivision of pop; groups of interbreeding organisms, random mating

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8
Q

Delimitation

A

Clear
Arbitrary

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9
Q

Processes that affect population density

A

Births: Natality
Death: mortality
Emigration
Immigration

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10
Q

N or population I linked to ____ and _____

A

Distribution

Abundance

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11
Q

Life tables

A

-tool borrowed from actuarial science
-monitoring birth and death
-information to solve our fundamental equation

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12
Q

Styles of life tables information gathering

A

Cohort: identifier individuals born at the same time and keep records

Static: record age at death of individuals and calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class. Assumes differences from mortality

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13
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The range of abiotic conditions under which species can persist

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14
Q

Realized niche

A

The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species persists

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15
Q

Ecological niche modeling

A

The process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

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16
Q

Ecological envelope

A

The range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species

-prediction of where species could live

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17
Q

Geographic range

A

A measure of the total area covered by a population

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18
Q

Endemic species

Cosmopolitan species

A

Species that live in a single, often isolated location

Species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents

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19
Q

Dispersion

A

Dispersion of a population describes the spacing of individuals with respect to one another without the geographic range of a population

Can be clustered, evenly spaced or random

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20
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of individuals from one area to another

Not migration, they don’t typically return in dispersal

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21
Q

Area and volume based surveys

A

Surgery’s the define the boundaries of an area or a volume and then count all the individuals in the space

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22
Q

Line transect survey

A

Surgery’s that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line

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23
Q

Mark recapture surveys

A

A method of population estimation in which researchers capture and mark a subset of a population from an area, return it to the area, and then capture a second sample of the population after some time has passed

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24
Q

Lifetime dispersal distance

A

The average distance an individual moves from where it was hatched or born to where it reproduces

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25
Dispersal limitation
A substantial barrier that prevents dispersal between suitable habitats -oceans -desert
26
Habitat corridors
A strip of favourable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal
27
Ideal free distribution
When individuals distribute themselves along different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit
28
Growth rate
In a population, the number of new individuals that are produced in a given amount of time minus the number of individuals that die
29
Intrinsic growth rate 📈
The highest possible per capita growth rate for a population Denoted as r
30
Exponential growth model
A model of population growth in which the population increases continuously at an exponential rate Applies to those that reproduce through the year
31
Geometric growth model
A model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular time intervals Used for species with discrete breeding seasons
32
Doubling time
The time required for a population to double in size
33
Can populations growth indefinitely
No, limited by competition, predation and pathogens eventually
34
Density- independent
Factors that limit population size regardless of the populations density -natural disaster -extreme temp
35
Density-dependent factors and types
Factors that affect population size in relation to the populations density Negative density dependence: when the rate of population growth decreases as population density increases. -limited supply of resources (food, habitat) Positive density dependence: when the rate of population growth increases as population density increases. -more animals means less inbreeding -small pop have less males and females -small pop have higher predation risk
36
Self thinning curve
A graphical relationship that shows how decreases in population density over time lead to increases in the mass of each individual in the population
37
Carrying capacity
Maximum population size that can be supported by the environment Denoted as k
38
Logistic growth model
Model showing the slowing growth of populations at high densities
39
Age structure
In a population, the proportion of individuals that occurs in different age classes
40
Life tables
Tables that contain class-specific survival and fecundity data -typically based on females and fecundity is defined as the number of female offspring per reproductive female.
41
Stable age distribution
When the age structure of a population does not change over time
42
Net reproductive rate for
The total number of female offspring that we expect and average female to produce over the course of her life If the value is more than 1 then population will grow
43
Generation time
The average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
44
Cohort life table
A life table that follows a group of individuals born at the same time from birth to the death of the last individual
45
Static life table
A life table that quantifies the survival and fecundity of all individuals in a population during a single time interval Important when we can’t outlive organisms
46
Which directions do you read static and cohort life tables
Static-vertically Cohort-diagonally up
47
So cohort and static tables match?
Not necessarily. Show same general pattern but not same units. In static you mix cohorts. Can’t see previous generations with static.
48
Age specific survival equation
Sx=n(x+1)/nx
49
Lx equation
Nx/n0
50
Calculating R0
Net reproductive rate R0=sum of lx(mx) If R0 is more than 1, the population is growing
51
Survivorship curves
Type 1: steady and then later drop (k selection) -Rotifers, vertebrates Type 2: steady drop (no particular age of death) - birds Type 3: initial drop (R selection)
52
Discrete breeding Continuous breeding
Annuals Use integers No set time to breed Use any real number
53
K= If N is same as K then….
Carrying capacity Population slope will hault
54
Inflection point
The point of fastest growth after which growth begins to slow
55
Survivorship curve types
1. Population with low mortality early in life and high mortality late in life. Ex: humans, elephants, whales 2. Population experiences constant mortality throughout its life span. Ex: squirrels, corals 3. Pop with high mortality early in life and high survival late in life. Ex: insects, plants
56
Abundance of a population
The total number of individuals that exist within a defined area
57
Density of a population
The number of individuals in a unit of area of volume
58
Census Survey
Counting every individual in a population Count a subset of the population
59
Populations with high abundance also have a large ________
Geographical range
60
The density of a population is ____ correlated to the body mass of an individual
Negatively
61
Mark recapture equation
N=MxC/R N is estimated population M is marked C is collected after marking R is recaptured

Ecology (13 decks)

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