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Ecology > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution

A

The way in which something is spread out over an area

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2
Q

Dynamics

A

A force that stimulates a change within a system
-branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces

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3
Q

Population dynamics

A

Changes in population size, density, structure; patterns and causes

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4
Q

Distribution limits are also

A

Niches

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5
Q

Fundamental population ecology equation

A

N(t+1)=N(t)+B-S+I-E

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6
Q

Population

A

Group of organism of the same species that occupy a particular place at a particular time

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7
Q

Demes

A

Possible subdivision of pop; groups of interbreeding organisms, random mating

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8
Q

Delimitation

A

Clear
Arbitrary

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9
Q

Processes that affect population density

A

Births: Natality
Death: mortality
Emigration
Immigration

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10
Q

N or population I linked to ____ and _____

A

Distribution

Abundance

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11
Q

Life tables

A

-tool borrowed from actuarial science
-monitoring birth and death
-information to solve our fundamental equation

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12
Q

Styles of life tables information gathering

A

Cohort: identifier individuals born at the same time and keep records

Static: record age at death of individuals and calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class. Assumes differences from mortality

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13
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The range of abiotic conditions under which species can persist

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14
Q

Realized niche

A

The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species persists

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15
Q

Ecological niche modeling

A

The process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

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16
Q

Ecological envelope

A

The range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species

-prediction of where species could live

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17
Q

Geographic range

A

A measure of the total area covered by a population

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18
Q

Endemic species

Cosmopolitan species

A

Species that live in a single, often isolated location

Species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents

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19
Q

Dispersion

A

Dispersion of a population describes the spacing of individuals with respect to one another without the geographic range of a population

Can be clustered, evenly spaced or random

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20
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of individuals from one area to another

Not migration, they don’t typically return in dispersal

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21
Q

Area and volume based surveys

A

Surgery’s the define the boundaries of an area or a volume and then count all the individuals in the space

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22
Q

Line transect survey

A

Surgery’s that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line

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23
Q

Mark recapture surveys

A

A method of population estimation in which researchers capture and mark a subset of a population from an area, return it to the area, and then capture a second sample of the population after some time has passed

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24
Q

Lifetime dispersal distance

A

The average distance an individual moves from where it was hatched or born to where it reproduces

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25
Q

Dispersal limitation

A

A substantial barrier that prevents dispersal between suitable habitats

-oceans
-desert

26
Q

Habitat corridors

A

A strip of favourable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal

27
Q

Ideal free distribution

A

When individuals distribute themselves along different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit

28
Q

Growth rate

A

In a population, the number of new individuals that are produced in a given amount of time minus the number of individuals that die

29
Q

Intrinsic growth rate 📈

A

The highest possible per capita growth rate for a population

Denoted as r

30
Q

Exponential growth model

A

A model of population growth in which the population increases continuously at an exponential rate

Applies to those that reproduce through the year

31
Q

Geometric growth model

A

A model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular time intervals

Used for species with discrete breeding seasons

32
Q

Doubling time

A

The time required for a population to double in size

33
Q

Can populations growth indefinitely

A

No, limited by competition, predation and pathogens eventually

34
Q

Density- independent

A

Factors that limit population size regardless of the populations density
-natural disaster
-extreme temp

35
Q

Density-dependent factors and types

A

Factors that affect population size in relation to the populations density

Negative density dependence: when the rate of population growth decreases as population density increases.
-limited supply of resources (food, habitat)

Positive density dependence: when the rate of population growth increases as population density increases.
-more animals means less inbreeding
-small pop have less males and females
-small pop have higher predation risk

36
Q

Self thinning curve

A

A graphical relationship that shows how decreases in population density over time lead to increases in the mass of each individual in the population

37
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum population size that can be supported by the environment

Denoted as k

38
Q

Logistic growth model

A

Model showing the slowing growth of populations at high densities

39
Q

Age structure

A

In a population, the proportion of individuals that occurs in different age classes

40
Q

Life tables

A

Tables that contain class-specific survival and fecundity data

-typically based on females and fecundity is defined as the number of female offspring per reproductive female.

41
Q

Stable age distribution

A

When the age structure of a population does not change over time

42
Q

Net reproductive rate for

A

The total number of female offspring that we expect and average female to produce over the course of her life

If the value is more than 1 then population will grow

43
Q

Generation time

A

The average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring

44
Q

Cohort life table

A

A life table that follows a group of individuals born at the same time from birth to the death of the last individual

45
Q

Static life table

A

A life table that quantifies the survival and fecundity of all individuals in a population during a single time interval

Important when we can’t outlive organisms

46
Q

Which directions do you read static and cohort life tables

A

Static-vertically

Cohort-diagonally up

47
Q

So cohort and static tables match?

A

Not necessarily. Show same general pattern but not same units. In static you mix cohorts.

Can’t see previous generations with static.

48
Q

Age specific survival equation

A

Sx=n(x+1)/nx

49
Q

Lx equation

A

Nx/n0

50
Q

Calculating R0

A

Net reproductive rate

R0=sum of lx(mx)

If R0 is more than 1, the population is growing

51
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Type 1: steady and then later drop (k selection) -Rotifers, vertebrates

Type 2: steady drop (no particular age of death) - birds

Type 3: initial drop (R selection)

52
Q

Discrete breeding

Continuous breeding

A

Annuals
Use integers

No set time to breed
Use any real number

53
Q

K=

If N is same as K then….

A

Carrying capacity

Population slope will hault

54
Q

Inflection point

A

The point of fastest growth after which growth begins to slow

55
Q

Survivorship curve types

A
  1. Population with low mortality early in life and high mortality late in life. Ex: humans, elephants, whales
  2. Population experiences constant mortality throughout its life span. Ex: squirrels, corals
  3. Pop with high mortality early in life and high survival late in life. Ex: insects, plants
56
Q

Abundance of a population

A

The total number of individuals that exist within a defined area

57
Q

Density of a population

A

The number of individuals in a unit of area of volume

58
Q

Census

Survey

A

Counting every individual in a population

Count a subset of the population

59
Q

Populations with high abundance also have a large ________

A

Geographical range

60
Q

The density of a population is ____ correlated to the body mass of an individual

A

Negatively

61
Q

Mark recapture equation

A

N=MxC/R

N is estimated population
M is marked
C is collected after marking
R is recaptured

Ecology (13 decks)

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