Practice Test OCTOBER 2012: Test 2

Question 1

Which osmolyte contributes most to the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

Na+

Question 2

What is normal plasma osmolality for a normal domestic animal?

Answer 2

286-290 mOsm

Question 3

You have injected hypertonic saline IV into an otherwise normal cat. Which is a normal consequence of this action?

a. The animal becomes azotemic and USG increases
b. Plasma and interstitial osmolalities increase and intracellular osmolality decreases
c. Plasma and interstitial volumes increase and intracellular osmolality decreases
d. The animal becomes azotemic and USG remains constant
e. The animal becomes azotemic and USG decreases

Answer 3

c. The plasma and interstitial VOLUMES increase and intracellular OSMOLALITY decreases

Question 4

What best characterizes direct effects of epinephrine on kidney function?

Answer 4

Epinephrine promotes decreased flow of water from plasma to Bowman’s space, and it promotes an increase in the percentage of filtered water reabsorbed by the nephron

Question 5

What is the kidney’s autoregulatory response to hemorrhage at the brachial artery?

Answer 5

Increased plasma [ADH] and increased plasma [angiotensin II] result in a decreased GFR

Question 6

Which is a cause of post-renal azotemia?

a. Hemorrhage into the upper GI tract
b. Dioctophyme renale in a ureter
c. Glomerulopathy
d. Reabsorption of water from the urinary bladder and/or urethra
e. Left-sided heart failure

Answer 6

b. Dioctophyme renale in a ureter would cause post-renal azotemia

Question 7

What happens to SNGFR (single nephron glomerular filtration rate) in an animal once one of its kidney’s is removed?

Answer 7

It increases

Question 8

T or F: Increased turnover death of tubular cells of the nephron results in an increased protein:creatinine excretion ratio

Answer 8

T

Question 9

T or F: Lower urinary tract disease results in an increased protein:creatinine excretion ratio

Answer 9

T

Question 10

T or F: Intravascular hemolysis results in an increased protein:creatinine excretion ratio

Answer 10

T

Question 11

T or F: Glomerulopathy results in an increased protein:creatinine excretion ratio

Answer 11

T

Question 12

T or F: Hemorrhage into the GI tract results in an increased protein:creatinine excretion ratio

Answer 12

FALSE

Question 13

Inhibition of phospholipase A2 results in _________ production of cytoprotective prostaglandins, and _________ production of inflammatory prostaglandins.

Answer 13

It results in decreased production of cytoprotective prostaglandins and decreased production of
inflammatory prostaglandins

Question 14

When compared to its concentration in plasma, what is the maximum possible concentration of a waste molecule in urine?

Answer 14

More than 200 times more concentrated

Question 15

T or F: in normal animals, hypersthenuria is far more common than isosthenuria over the course of a normal day

Answer 15

T

Question 16

T or F: isosthenuria always indicates improper kidney function

Answer 16

F

Question 17

T or F: hyposthenuria always indicates improper kidney function

Answer 17

F

Question 18

T or F: postrenal azotemia is a synonym for hypersthenuria

Answer 18

F

Question 19

T or F: hypersthenuria indicates the presence of osmolytes that are present in urine and absent in plasma

Answer 19

F

Question 20

Organic molecules Substance X and Substance Y are freely filterable. Substance X is secreted by the PCT. Substance Y is not secreted. Neither substance is reabsorbed. Which of the two molecules exists at higher concentration in filtrate entering the dLOH?

Answer 20

Either Substance X or Substance Y, depending on their CONCENTRATIONS IN PLASMA

Question 21

What is the Tm for glucose reabsorption in domestic animals?

Answer 21

Equal to GFR

Question 22

Many drugs are bound by plasma protein, yet many of these drugs are normally found in urine. How can this be?

Answer 22

“plasma protein bound” does not mean that every single molecule of the drug is bound by plasma protein

Question 23

Virtually all reabsorptive and secretory function of the nephron is ultimately attributable to the activity of what?

Answer 23

Basolateral Na+-K+ ATPase

Question 24

Each of the following is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule EXCEPT

a) K+
b) urea
c) lactate
d) creatinine
e) PO4-2

Answer 24

d. Creatinine is NOT reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

Question 25

T or F: Hypersthenuria is present in an animal if it is excreting a urine with a USG of 1.013 or greater.

Answer 25

F

Question 26

T or F: Something is wrong with renal and/or urinary tract function if the urine protein:urine creatinine excretion ratio is greater than 0.0.

Answer 26

F

Question 27

T or F: Something is wrong with renal and/or urinary tract function if the urine glucose:urine creatinine excretion ratio is greater than 0.0.

Answer 27

T

Question 28

T or F: Glucose could not be reabsorbed from filtrate if Na+ was not reabsorbed from filtrate.

Answer 28

T

Question 29

T or F: Iohexol clearance increases 100% if plasma [iohexol] is increased 100% via IV injection.

Answer 29

T

Question 30

T or F: On a daily basis, more creatinine is cleared from plasma via secretion than by filtration.

Answer 30

T

Question 31

T or F: Even in the severely dehydrated animal, the proximal tubule reabsorbs the greatest percentage of filtered water.

Answer 31

T

Question 32

T or F: Aquaporins are present in the aLOH of juxtamedullary nephrons only when an animal is dehydrated.

Answer 32

F

Question 33

T or F: In the normal animal, glucose should never be present in filtrate entering the aLOH.

Answer 33

T

Question 34

T or F: In the normal animal, glucose should never be present in filtrate leaving the aLOH.

Answer 34

T

Question 35

T or F: Normal plasma [glucose] x normal GFR = Tm for glucose reabsorption.

Answer 35

F

Question 36

T or F: The proximal tubule is the major site of K+ and HCO3- reabsorption in the nephron.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

T or F: (GFR) x (concentration of inulin in urine) = (Urine flow) x (concentration of inulin in plasma)

Answer 37

F

Question 38

T or F: Molecules that promote vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels and molecules that promote vasodilation of renal blood vessels are produced in the kidney.

Answer 38

F

Question 39

T or F: Molecules that promote vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels and molecules that promote vasodilation of renal blood vessels are delivered to the kidney by way of the bloodstream.

Answer 39

T