Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Physiology II > Final Exam GI Physiology Questions > Flashcards

Final Exam GI Physiology Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What hypothalamic neurotransmitters help control hunger and satiety centers?

A

CCK, CRH, Neuropeptide Y, and Leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What control mechanisms help to achieve INTRINSIC control of the GI Tract?

A

Enteric Nervous System
Endocrine Cells in the gut wall
Cells that secrete paracrine substances
Local tissue factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where would you find interneurons of the enteric nervous system and what are they commonly known as? What do they do?

A

Submucosa (Meissner’s) plexi
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexi
They synapse onto muscles, glands, and secretory and absorptive epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do endocrine cells in the gut wall respond to?

A

Directly to GI tract luminal contents
NTs
Paracrine substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Histamine, somatostatin, prostaglandins, and serotonin are examples of what kind of substance?

A

Paracrine substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the MOST important sites of hormone production in the GI Tract?

A

Stomach and Small Intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a local tissue factor?

A

Simple products of metabolism whose concentrations affect neighboring blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Increased concentration of tissue factors (CO2, H+, and K+) result in ____________ of neighboring blood vessels.

A

Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What control mechanisms help to achieve EXTRINSIC control of the GI Tract?

A

Afferent neurons projecting from GI Tract to either extramural plexi or CNS

Afferent neurons that convey sensory info to the CNS

SNS and PSNS EFFerent neurons

Somatic nervous system EFFerent neurons

Endocrine cells outside the gut wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What control mechanisms help to achieve DIRECT control of the GI Tract?

A

The direct interaction of NTs, hormones and paracrine substances with gut wall muscles, glandular tissue, and secretory or absorptive epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is INDIRECT control of the GI Tract achieved?

A

Through regulation of perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The GI system can receive up to what percent of cardiac output when active?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the overall effect of SNS stimulation?

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do SNS postganglionic neurons secrete?

A

NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What receptors predominate at GI vasculature?

A

alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do PSNS postganglionic neurons secrete?

A

VIP and ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does VIP do?

A

Inhibits actin-myosin interaction in muscle

Promotes production of NO which leads to vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ACh do?

A

Promotes production of NO which leads to vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla do when stimulating alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

A

Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Epinephrine do when stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The effects of epinephrine stimulation prevail on which receptors?

A

alpha-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does gastrin and other peptide hormones of the GIT do?

A

Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which two substances have a powerful vasoconstrictive effect resulting from a decreased ECV (effective circulating volume)?

A

Angiotensin II and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Histamine and Prostaglandins (paracrine secretions) are _______ in effect.

A

Histamine and prostaglandins are vasodilatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Local tissue factors like CO2, H+ and K+ are __________.

A

CO2, H+, and K+ are vasodilatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

At rest, the kidneys require what percent of cardiac output?

A

22%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At rest, the GI tract and Liver together require what percent of cardiac output?

A

23%

28
Q

Where in the GI Tract would you find VSM (visceral smooth muscle)?

A

From the esophagus to the internal anal sphincter.

29
Q

The VSM (visceral smooth muscles) exhibit a spontaneous pattern of depolarization and repolarization called ____ ____.

A

Slow waves

30
Q

Where are slow waves generated?

A

In the myenteric plexus by interstitial cells.

31
Q

Slows waves give rise to what?

A

BER (basic electrical rhythm)

32
Q

Where is the BER (basic electrical rhythm) greatest?

A

In the duodenum

33
Q

What are the propagated motility patterns?

A

Peristalsis and Antiperistalsis are both propagated motility patterns.

34
Q

Peristalsis is a classic example of a ______ reflex.

A

Peripheral reflex

35
Q

PSNS innervation of of GI tract musculature are most pronounced where?

A

At the esophagus, stomach, and rectum.

36
Q

T or F: Peristalsis occurs in the absence of CNS input.

A

True

37
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex initiated by? What is the effect?

A

Gastric distension initiates the gastrocolic reflex.

The effect is mass movements at the distal colon promoting the movement of feces into the rectum.

38
Q

What is the ileogastric reflex initiated by? What is the effect?

A

Ileal distension initiates the ileogastric reflex.

The effect is DECREASED gastric motility.

39
Q

Distension of the stomach is recognized by mechanoreceptors which stimulate vagal neurons in the medulla. This stimulates neurons in the gastric mucosa to secrete gastrin, histamine, and HCL. This process is an example of what?

A

A vagovagal reflex

40
Q

What is the overall effect of SNS innervation on GI Tract function?

A

Inhibition- SNS

41
Q

What is the overall effect of PSNS innervation on GI Tract function?

A

Excitatory- PSNS

42
Q

What is an example of PSNS control of GI Tract function?

A

LES (lower esophageal sphincter)

43
Q

As gastric motility increases, PSNS excitatory fibers (via ACh) promote contraction of the LES. What is the purpose of this?

A

To prevent backflux of acidic chyme into the esophagus

44
Q

Relaxation of the LES is due to ________ firing of Vagal inhibitory fibers (VIF)

A

relaxation from increased firing of VIF

45
Q

Contraction of the LES is due to ______ firing of vagal excitatory fibers (VEF)

A

contraction from increased firing of VEF

46
Q

Which secretion protects and lubricates GIT mucosa?

A

Mucin

47
Q

Which secretion creates the optimum pH for enzymatic activity in the GIT?

A

HCO3-

48
Q

Which secretion destroys food-borne bacteria in the GIT?

A

HCl

49
Q

Which secretion solubilizes ingesta?

A

H20

50
Q

Which secretion hydrolyzes ingesta?

A

H20 and hydrolytic enzymes

51
Q

Which secretion emulsifies lipids?

A

Bile

52
Q

What drives the secretion of Na+, K+, and H+ (and water then follows)?

A

Cl-

53
Q

What happens to the volume of plasma when the volume of secretions increases?

A

The volume of plasma decreases

54
Q

Where would you find Cl- entering secretory cells by way of secondary active transport?

A

Basolateral membrane

55
Q

What is a secretagogue?

A

A neurotransmitter, hormone, or paracrine molecule that promotes secretion.

56
Q

Reception of secretagogues ________ the uptake of Cl- into the basolateral membrane

A

Increases the uptake of Cl-

57
Q

What are the most important modifications made by ductular cells to primary secretions?

A

Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

Secretion of K+ and HCO3-

58
Q

The secondary secretion, the secretion that actually enters the lumen of the tubular gut at the mouth or small intestine, is distinctly more _______ than the primary secretion.

A

Secondary secretion is distinctly more ALKALINE than primary secretion.

59
Q

What are the 3 types of salivary glands?

A

Serous, Mucus-secreting, and Mixed

60
Q

Which animals use saliva for evaporative cooling?

A

Dogs and cats

61
Q

Which animals primarily use saliva for buffering?

A

Ruminants

62
Q

What cells produce saliva?

A

Acinar cells

63
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

Water, Electrolytes, Amylase, Lipase, IgA, Mucin, I-

Ruminants also have: (PO4)-2 and urea in their saliva

64
Q

What is the effect of PSNS and SNS on saliva?

A

Both act to immediately INCREASE the volume of saliva

65
Q

Is salivary gland secretion subsequent to SNS stimulation long or short-lived?

A

Short-lived

66
Q

Do salivary glands receive endocrine signals from the GI Tract?

A

NO!

RUSVM Physiology II (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions