Practice Test 2 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of central cord syndrome?
-Loss of pain and temp in the upper extremities
What are the characteristics of syringomyelia?
- Distension of the central canal of the spinal cord (syrinx) usually at the cervical levels
- Caused by congenital abnormalities as well as trauma, neoplasms, or meningitis
- Expansion of the syrinx compresses the central gray matter of the spinal cord (Sx similar to central cord syndrome)
What are the characteristics of ALS?
- Degenerative disease causing simultaneous UMN and LMN lesions (only motor neurons, no sensory deficits)
- Patients present with dysphagia, dysarthria, muscle weakness, spasticity, and hyperreflexia
What is Brown sequard syndrome?
- Complete lateral transection of the spinal cord
- Presents with paralysis and loss of vibratory and position sensation ipsilateral to the lesion and loss of pain and temp sensation contralateral to the lesion
- Can result from trauma or compression from a spinal cord tumor
What are the 2 types and symptoms of leishmania infections?
- Leishmania donovani-protozoan transmitted thru sandfly bites and causes visceral leishmaniasis, characterized by abdominal pain and distension, hepatosplenomegaly, anorexia and fever
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis-many different leishmania species, presents as a local ulcer, that heals on its own
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis-caused by leishmania brasiliensis, presents with chronic symptoms including destruction of the oral mucosa
Babesiosis
Protozoal blood borne infection transmitted through Ixodes tick
- similar to malaria with sx of fever and anemia
- Severe cases can cause hematuria and ARDS
What is the deficient enzyme in tarui disease?
Muscle PFK deficiency
What are the symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Muscle rigidity and hyperthermia
What is primary disease prevention?
Measures which reduce disease incidence
-vaccines, sunscreen, condoms
What is secondary disease prevention?
Measures which detect disease early on
-PAP smear
What is tertiary disease prevention?
Measures which reduce the disability one experiences due to disease
-Medicine and surgery
What should all well-child exams assess for?
Gait pattern and scoliosis (forward bend)
-Primary areas of concern are the transition zones between lordosis and kyphosis zones (where thoracic and lumbar areas meet)
Decreased supination of the forearm is associated with what other dysfunction of the arm?
Posterior radial head
What are the main symptoms of cholangitis?
Charcot’s triad-jaundice, RUQ pain, and fever
What is a positive murphy’s sign indicative of?
Acute cholecystitis
Sclerosing cholangitis is associated with what other GI disease?
Ulcerative colitis
What are the symptoms of frontal lobe damage?
- Personality changes, disinhibited social behavior, sexual disinhibition, poor judgement, loss of initiative
- Return of primitive reflexes-sucking, groping, grasping
- Gait apraxia, incontinence, abulia (loss of voluntary actions) and akinetic mutism are often due to b/l disease
The frontal lobe is mainly perfused by what arteries?
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Damage to the hypothalamus results in?
- Loss of basic functions-eating, sleeping, autonomic regulation, and thermoregulation
- More superficial structures are likely to be damaged as well in trauma because the hypothalamus is deep
Damage to the substantia nigra results in?
Dyskinesia
Damage to the frontal and/or temporal lobes of the dominant hemisphere results in?
Language and hearing problems
Broca’s area
- Found in the inferior frontal gyrus near the temporal lobe
- Damage -> non-fluent expressive aphasia
Wernicke’s area
- Found in the temporal lobe on the dominant side
- Responsible for auditory association and comprehension
- Perfused mostly by the middle cerebral artery but also the posterior cerebral artery
Amygdala
- Located in the temporal lobe between the temporal pole (anterior) and inferior horn of the lateral ventricles
- Damage -> Kluver-Bucy syndrome
What are the characteristics of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Inappropriate sexual behavior, visual agnosia, oral tendencies, placid behavior
Occipital lobe
Contains the primary visual cortex
-Damage -> contralateral visual field defects
Lacunar infarcts most commonly involve what arteries?
Lenticulostriate arteries-Deep penetrating branches of the middle cerebral arteries
-Perfuse the basal ganglia (responsible for coordinated movements)
Wallenberg syndrome
- Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebral artery
- Sx-dysphagia, ataxia, vertigo, nystagmus, diplopia, and Horner’s syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia
- Autosomal recessive
- IgA deficiency
- CNS involvement-loss of purkinje cells -> cerebellar atrophy
- Sx-gait disturbances, telangiectasias (abnormal blood vessel formations) seen in the eyes, nose, ears, unelastic skin, nystagmus, frequent infx
Cerebral palsy
UMN disease
-Sx-hypotonia, spasticity, scissoring gait, and toe dragging (due to severe hip adduction, tight hip adductors)
Friedreich ataxia
Neurologic dysfx-loss of proprioception, vibration, and DTRs, cerebellar dysfx -> progressive ataxia of limbs
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-Frequent cause of death
DM
Pes cavus
Osler-weber-rendu syndrome
- Vascular disorder
- Sx-epistaxis (earliest sign of disease), GI bleeding, Fe-def anemia, telangiectasias, AV malformations (can lead to strokes and brain abscesses)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- XLR
- Sx-thrombocytopenia, eczema, low IgM, possibly high IgE/IgA, prolonged bleeding, purpura
- Increased risk of infx, causing impetigo, cellulitis, furuncles, abscesses
- Otitis media, sinus infx, pharyngitis, thrush are common
