Practice Test 2

Question 1

What are the characteristics of central cord syndrome?

Answer 1

-Loss of pain and temp in the upper extremities

Question 2

What are the characteristics of syringomyelia?

Answer 2

• Distension of the central canal of the spinal cord (syrinx) usually at the cervical levels
• Caused by congenital abnormalities as well as trauma, neoplasms, or meningitis
• Expansion of the syrinx compresses the central gray matter of the spinal cord (Sx similar to central cord syndrome)

Question 3

What are the characteristics of ALS?

Answer 3

• Degenerative disease causing simultaneous UMN and LMN lesions (only motor neurons, no sensory deficits)
• Patients present with dysphagia, dysarthria, muscle weakness, spasticity, and hyperreflexia

Question 4

What is Brown sequard syndrome?

Answer 4

• Complete lateral transection of the spinal cord
• Presents with paralysis and loss of vibratory and position sensation ipsilateral to the lesion and loss of pain and temp sensation contralateral to the lesion
• Can result from trauma or compression from a spinal cord tumor

Question 5

What are the 2 types and symptoms of leishmania infections?

Answer 5

• Leishmania donovani-protozoan transmitted thru sandfly bites and causes visceral leishmaniasis, characterized by abdominal pain and distension, hepatosplenomegaly, anorexia and fever
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis-many different leishmania species, presents as a local ulcer, that heals on its own
• Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis-caused by leishmania brasiliensis, presents with chronic symptoms including destruction of the oral mucosa

Question 6

Babesiosis

Answer 6

Protozoal blood borne infection transmitted through Ixodes tick

• similar to malaria with sx of fever and anemia
• Severe cases can cause hematuria and ARDS

Question 7

What is the deficient enzyme in tarui disease?

Answer 7

Muscle PFK deficiency

Question 8

What are the symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

Answer 8

Muscle rigidity and hyperthermia

Question 9

What is primary disease prevention?

Answer 9

Measures which reduce disease incidence

-vaccines, sunscreen, condoms

Question 10

What is secondary disease prevention?

Answer 10

Measures which detect disease early on

-PAP smear

Question 11

What is tertiary disease prevention?

Answer 11

Measures which reduce the disability one experiences due to disease
-Medicine and surgery

Question 12

What should all well-child exams assess for?

Answer 12

Gait pattern and scoliosis (forward bend)
-Primary areas of concern are the transition zones between lordosis and kyphosis zones (where thoracic and lumbar areas meet)

Question 13

Decreased supination of the forearm is associated with what other dysfunction of the arm?

Answer 13

Posterior radial head

Question 14

What are the main symptoms of cholangitis?

Answer 14

Charcot’s triad-jaundice, RUQ pain, and fever

Question 15

What is a positive murphy’s sign indicative of?

Answer 15

Acute cholecystitis

Question 16

Sclerosing cholangitis is associated with what other GI disease?

Answer 16

Ulcerative colitis

Question 17

What are the symptoms of frontal lobe damage?

Answer 17

• Personality changes, disinhibited social behavior, sexual disinhibition, poor judgement, loss of initiative
• Return of primitive reflexes-sucking, groping, grasping
• Gait apraxia, incontinence, abulia (loss of voluntary actions) and akinetic mutism are often due to b/l disease

Question 18

The frontal lobe is mainly perfused by what arteries?

Answer 18

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 19

Damage to the hypothalamus results in?

Answer 19

• Loss of basic functions-eating, sleeping, autonomic regulation, and thermoregulation
• More superficial structures are likely to be damaged as well in trauma because the hypothalamus is deep

Question 20

Damage to the substantia nigra results in?

Answer 20

Dyskinesia

Question 21

Damage to the frontal and/or temporal lobes of the dominant hemisphere results in?

Answer 21

Language and hearing problems

Question 22

Broca’s area

Answer 22

• Found in the inferior frontal gyrus near the temporal lobe

- Damage -> non-fluent expressive aphasia

Question 23

Wernicke’s area

Answer 23

• Found in the temporal lobe on the dominant side
• Responsible for auditory association and comprehension
• Perfused mostly by the middle cerebral artery but also the posterior cerebral artery

Question 24

Amygdala

Answer 24

• Located in the temporal lobe between the temporal pole (anterior) and inferior horn of the lateral ventricles
• Damage -> Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Question 25

What are the characteristics of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 25

Inappropriate sexual behavior, visual agnosia, oral tendencies, placid behavior

Question 26

Occipital lobe

Answer 26

Contains the primary visual cortex

-Damage -> contralateral visual field defects

Question 27

Lacunar infarcts most commonly involve what arteries?

Answer 27

Lenticulostriate arteries-Deep penetrating branches of the middle cerebral arteries
-Perfuse the basal ganglia (responsible for coordinated movements)

Question 28

Wallenberg syndrome

Answer 28

• Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebral artery

- Sx-dysphagia, ataxia, vertigo, nystagmus, diplopia, and Horner’s syndrome

Question 29

Ataxia telangiectasia

Answer 29

• Autosomal recessive
• IgA deficiency
• CNS involvement-loss of purkinje cells -> cerebellar atrophy
• Sx-gait disturbances, telangiectasias (abnormal blood vessel formations) seen in the eyes, nose, ears, unelastic skin, nystagmus, frequent infx

Question 30

Cerebral palsy

Answer 30

UMN disease

-Sx-hypotonia, spasticity, scissoring gait, and toe dragging (due to severe hip adduction, tight hip adductors)

Question 31

Friedreich ataxia

Answer 31

Neurologic dysfx-loss of proprioception, vibration, and DTRs, cerebellar dysfx -> progressive ataxia of limbs
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-Frequent cause of death
DM
Pes cavus

Question 32

Osler-weber-rendu syndrome

Answer 32

• Vascular disorder
• Sx-epistaxis (earliest sign of disease), GI bleeding, Fe-def anemia, telangiectasias, AV malformations (can lead to strokes and brain abscesses)

Question 33

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Answer 33

• XLR
• Sx-thrombocytopenia, eczema, low IgM, possibly high IgE/IgA, prolonged bleeding, purpura
• Increased risk of infx, causing impetigo, cellulitis, furuncles, abscesses
• Otitis media, sinus infx, pharyngitis, thrush are common