Practice questions

Question 1

Why might surgery to the parotid gland cause a dry eye

Answer 1

damage to the facial nerve which runs through it

this would paralyse obicularis oculi leading to a drooping eyelid and dry eye

Question 2

what is the nerve supply to the parotid

Answer 2

9- glossopharyngeal

Question 3

what is Ramsey hunt sydrome

Answer 3

shingles infection that goes on to infect cn 7

this can lead to paralysis of the facila muscles e.g. obicularis oculi

Question 4

what can cause glaucoma

Answer 4

blockage of scleral venous drainage

Question 5

what is hutchitongs sign

Answer 5

vesicles on the tip of the nose which may precede opthalmic herpes zoster

shingles infection spreading to the eye, can spread to the optic nerve

Question 6

what are the signs of huntingtons

Answer 6

flailing movement, confusion, disdiodochokinesia

Question 7

what is the cause of huntingtons

Answer 7

damage to the caudate nucleus leading to loss of GABA and encephalin

this means the indirect pathway is decreased and movement in increased

Question 8

what substances mediate the medial globus pallidus

Answer 8

GABA and substance P

Question 9

what is the result of lesions to the spinocerebellar part of the cerebellum

Answer 9

linb ataxia and action tremour

Question 10

what would be the effect of vermis lesions

Answer 10

bilateral loss of control of truncal muscles and slurred speech

Question 11

what are the signs of stroke on an enhanced CT

Answer 11

abnormal cortical subcortical area, appears darker than usual due to oedema

hyperdense areas

inability to visualise the lentiform nucleus

Question 12

what is the result of PHF8 mutation

Answer 12

siderius x linked retardation and cleft palate

Question 13

what mutations may cause cleft lips

Answer 13

22q11, IRF8, PHF8

Question 14

what is the gene for wardenburgs syndrome (deafness, constipation, pigment defects)

Answer 14

PAX-C

Question 15

TCOF-1 gene (failure of the first and second arch to develop, abnormal eye shape and underdeveloped zygoma)

Answer 15

treacher collins

Question 16

what is bullous keratopathy

Answer 16

small vesicles are formed in the cornea due to endothelial dysfunction

Question 17

what vision would be the result of an optic tract lesion

Answer 17

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 18

what test can be used to test the function of the superior oblique muscles innervated by the trochlear nerve

Answer 18

look downward and inwards

Question 19

what causes homonymous hemianopia

Answer 19

optic tract damage

Question 20

what would be the result of and abducent nerve lesion

Answer 20

patient could not look lateral

Question 21

what would the result of an occulomotor nerve lesion

Answer 21

pateint could not look up and out , down and out , medail or up and inward

Question 22

what nerve innervates stapedius muscles which dampens the movement of stapes bone

Answer 22

facial, 7

if damaged can lead to excessive movement of stapes on loud noises leading to pain

Question 23

what pharyngeal arch makes the facial nerve and stapes

Answer 23

2nd

Question 24

what does the first pharyngeal arch make

Answer 24

trigeminal nerve and muscles of mastication

Question 25

what arch makes stylopharyngeus muscles

Answer 25

3rd pharyngeal

Question 26

which meatus does the facial nerve pass through

Answer 26

external auditory meatus

Question 27

what muscle is used to move the eye outwards and laterally

Answer 27

right inferior rectus

Question 28

what is amaurosis fugax

Answer 28

temporary blindness caused by the blockage of the retinal artery by a thrombus

Question 29

pituritary tumour on the optic chiasm

Answer 29

bilateral hemianopia

Question 30

half of the visual field loss in the contralateral eye

Answer 30

POCS stroke

Question 31

meyers loop lesion

Answer 31

contralateral superior quandrantiopia

Question 32

phenobarbitone

Answer 32

antiepileptic which also causes osteoporosis

Question 33

what does a lesion to the cerebrocerebellar part of the cerebellum lead to

Answer 33

delay in initiating movements and performing complex movements

Question 34

medial vestibulospinal

Answer 34

head position

Question 35

spinocerebellar lesion

Answer 35

limb ataxia and action tremour

Question 36

what canal is just next to the foramen magnum

Answer 36

hypoglossal canal

Question 37

foramen caecum

Answer 37

emisary vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus

Question 38

what is the clinical significance of the foramen caecum

Answer 38

infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain from the danger triangle of the face

Question 39

foramen rotundum (sphenoid bone)

Answer 39

maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve passes through and extis the skull via the pterygopalatine fossa and foramen rotundum

Question 40

foramen ovale

Answer 40

transmits the mandibular nerve, trigeminal motor root, accessory meningeal artery

Question 41

foramen spinosum

Answer 41

middle meningeal artery, vein and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

Question 42

what stroke is isolated dysphasia

Answer 42

PACS partial anterior circulation stroke

Question 43

when would you give intra arterial thrombolysis instead of IV

Answer 43

from 3-6 hours after the stroke

Question 44

what is TACS (total arterial circulation stroke) symptoms

Answer 44

hemiparesis, dysphasia and homonymous hemianopia

Question 45

what is POCS (posterior circulation stroke)

Answer 45

posterior lobe affect so homonymous hemianopia