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MD4001 > Neurology questions > Flashcards

Neurology questions Flashcards

1
Q

what type of dementia is more common in men and typically causes focal damage and early dysphasia

A

vascular

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2
Q

what is a neurofibroma

A

benign peripheral nervous system tumour

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3
Q

what is a schwaanoma

A

a benign primary tumour of cranial nerve 8

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4
Q

what is an astrocytoma

A

the commonest type of glioma and occurs on a spectrum with an increasing grade of malignancy

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5
Q

what proportion of those who suffer a first episode of schizophrenia will go on to suffer other episodes

A

80%

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6
Q

what are the features of lewy body dementia

A 
paranoid delusions, hallucinations, and is often made worse by the use of neuroleptics 
changes in thinking and reasoning
confusion and variable alertness 
Parkinson's symptoms
hallucinations and delusions
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7
Q

what structures are found within the parotid gland

A

branches of external carotid
facial nerve
retromandibular vein

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8
Q

how is schizophrenia treated

A

first generation classical neuroleptics and second generation atypical neuroleptics

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9
Q

what drug is used to treat schizophrenia and is a selective D2 receptor antagonist

A

amisulpride

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10
Q

what artery arises at the lower border of digastric muscle, opposite the origin of the facial artery

A

occipital artery

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11
Q

what artery can be divided into three parts in relation to the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

maxillary artery

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12
Q

what artery turns upwards onto the face at the anterior border of the masseter

A

facial artery

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13
Q

what muscle is assisted by the atlanto occipital joint when nodding

A

sternocleidomastoid

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14
Q

what is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid

A

accessory nerve

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15
Q

which muscle elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth

A

mylohyoid

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16
Q

what are the features of mylohyoid

A

muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone forming the floor of the oral cavity
derived from the first pharyngeal arch
immediately superior to the anterior belly of digastric
innervated by inferior alveolar nerve

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17
Q

what is the function of mylohyoid

A

elevates the hyoid and tongue
depresses the mandible
reinforces the floor of the mouth

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18
Q

what is risperidone used to treat

A

psychosis and bipolar
atypical antipsychotic
blocks a mixture of receptor types

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19
Q

name some acquired prion diseases

A

fatal familial insomnia
kuru
variant CJD

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20
Q

which facial layer encloses the spinal accessory nerve within the posterior triangle

A

investing

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21
Q

what receptors does ketamine act on

A

glutamate

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22
Q

what is the function of sternothyroid

A

draws the larynx downwards

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23
Q

what are the benefits of offering patients relaxation techniques before surgery

A

earlier discharge and less post operative pain medication

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24
Q

what are the features of haloperidol

A

it is a butyrophenone
has a high incidence of extrapyramidal side effects
used to treat psychosis and similar conditions

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25
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia

A

involuntary repetitive body movements
slow onset
most frequently caused by long term use of antipsychotics

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26
Q

what is amisupride

A

atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia
D2 and D3 receptor antagonist
also used to treat depression

27
Q

what is aripiprazole

A

atypical antipsychotic

blocks both dopamine and 5HT receptors

28
Q

what is chlorpromazine

A

antipsychotic medication

D2, histamine, muscarinic and serotonin antagonist

29
Q

what is quetiapine

A

atypical antipsychotic
dopamine receptor antagonist
targets alpha adrenoreceptors

30
Q

what is sertindole

A

atypical antipsychotic

activates dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain

31
Q

what is zotepine

A

atypical antipsychotic

32
Q

what are the features of a meningioma

A 
primary neoplasm
sporadic
slow growing 
well demarcated 
occurs at arachnoid sites
33
Q

what is pethidine

A

synthetic opioid of choice during labour

34
Q

what is levallorphan

A

partial agonist on certain opioid receptors
this means that it can be used to reverse the effects of some stronger opioids such as morphine whilst still providing pain relief

35
Q

what is diamophine

A

heroin

36
Q

what is methadone

A

used as a substitute for heroin in addiction

useful in neuropathic pain

37
Q

what ligament is most likely to be damaged in a whiplash injury

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

38
Q

what is the incidence of PTSD following rape

A

80%

39
Q

what nerve crosses an upwards bend on the lingual artery

A

cranial nerve 12

40
Q

what are the side effects of narcotic analgesics

A

sedation, resp depression, nausea, dependance

41
Q

what benzodiazepine may be prescribed in the management of acute alcohol withdrawl

A

chlordiazepoxide

42
Q

what muscle has its superior belly in the anterior triangle and its inferior belly in the posterior triangle

A

omohyoid

43
Q

what are the features of a medulloblastoma

A

primitive neuroectodermal tumour in children and presents with ataxia and respiratory problems

44
Q

what vein does the occipital vein drain into

A

internal jugular

45
Q

describe the ASA physical status classification system which assesses the fitness of patients before surgery

A
  1. Healthy person.
  2. Mild systemic disease.
  3. Severe systemic disease.
  4. Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life.
  5. A moribund person who is not expected to survive without the operation.
  6. A declared brain-dead person whose organs are being removed for donor purposes.
46
Q

what is entacapone

A

may be administered with levodopa to prevent its conversion to 3-OMD by the COMT enzyme

47
Q

what is memantine

A

used to treat severe alzeimer’s disease

48
Q

what is the moa of buspirone which is used to treat anxiety

A

5-HT1A receptor agonist

49
Q

which artery has a superior laryngeal branch which pierces the thyrohyoid membrane

A

superior thyroid artery

50
Q

what is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands

A

inferior thyroid artery

51
Q

what are the features of frontal dementia

A

social and behavioural impact including disinhibition, stereotyped behaviours and loss of emotional empathy

52
Q

what laxative would be appropriate for constipation in a terminally ill patient with a short prognosis

A

co-danthramer
a stimulant laxative used for analgesic induced constipation
only prescribed to terminally ill patients due to possible carcinogenesis

53
Q

what movement is limited by the alar ligaments

A

rotation

54
Q

what are the advantages of fentanyl over morphine

A

better in renal impairment and less constipating

55
Q

what neurotransmitter to classical antipsychotics affect the most

A

dopamine

56
Q

what is zolpidem

A

a short acting anxiolytic agent that acts on GABA A receptors and is not a benzodiazepine

57
Q

what is the nerve supply of the carotid sinus

A

glossopharyngeal

58
Q

what is the secretomotor innervation of the submandibular gland

A

facial

59
Q

what substances are released by free nerve endings and recruit silent receptors which expand the receptive field

A

bradykinin
CGRP
substance P

60
Q

what first line anticonvulsant would you use to treat absence seizures

A

ethosuximide

61
Q

what organism can be stained with india ink

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (common in people with suppressed immune systems)

62
Q

describe the features of Neisseria meningitis

A

onset of symptoms is faster with a more severe symptom profile

63
Q

what are the features of tuberculous meningitis

A

acid fast bacilli would be seen in the CSF

MD4001 (38 decks)

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