Neurology questions Flashcards
what type of dementia is more common in men and typically causes focal damage and early dysphasia
vascular
what is a neurofibroma
benign peripheral nervous system tumour
what is a schwaanoma
a benign primary tumour of cranial nerve 8
what is an astrocytoma
the commonest type of glioma and occurs on a spectrum with an increasing grade of malignancy
what proportion of those who suffer a first episode of schizophrenia will go on to suffer other episodes
80%
what are the features of lewy body dementia
paranoid delusions, hallucinations, and is often made worse by the use of neuroleptics changes in thinking and reasoning confusion and variable alertness Parkinson's symptoms hallucinations and delusions
what structures are found within the parotid gland
branches of external carotid
facial nerve
retromandibular vein
how is schizophrenia treated
first generation classical neuroleptics and second generation atypical neuroleptics
what drug is used to treat schizophrenia and is a selective D2 receptor antagonist
amisulpride
what artery arises at the lower border of digastric muscle, opposite the origin of the facial artery
occipital artery
what artery can be divided into three parts in relation to the lateral pterygoid muscle
maxillary artery
what artery turns upwards onto the face at the anterior border of the masseter
facial artery
what muscle is assisted by the atlanto occipital joint when nodding
sternocleidomastoid
what is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve
which muscle elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth
mylohyoid
what are the features of mylohyoid
muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone forming the floor of the oral cavity
derived from the first pharyngeal arch
immediately superior to the anterior belly of digastric
innervated by inferior alveolar nerve
what is the function of mylohyoid
elevates the hyoid and tongue
depresses the mandible
reinforces the floor of the mouth
what is risperidone used to treat
psychosis and bipolar
atypical antipsychotic
blocks a mixture of receptor types
name some acquired prion diseases
fatal familial insomnia
kuru
variant CJD
which facial layer encloses the spinal accessory nerve within the posterior triangle
investing
what receptors does ketamine act on
glutamate
what is the function of sternothyroid
draws the larynx downwards
what are the benefits of offering patients relaxation techniques before surgery
earlier discharge and less post operative pain medication
what are the features of haloperidol
it is a butyrophenone
has a high incidence of extrapyramidal side effects
used to treat psychosis and similar conditions
what is tardive dyskinesia
involuntary repetitive body movements
slow onset
most frequently caused by long term use of antipsychotics
what is amisupride
atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia
D2 and D3 receptor antagonist
also used to treat depression
what is aripiprazole
atypical antipsychotic
blocks both dopamine and 5HT receptors
what is chlorpromazine
antipsychotic medication
D2, histamine, muscarinic and serotonin antagonist
what is quetiapine
atypical antipsychotic
dopamine receptor antagonist
targets alpha adrenoreceptors
what is sertindole
atypical antipsychotic
activates dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain
what is zotepine
atypical antipsychotic
what are the features of a meningioma
primary neoplasm sporadic slow growing well demarcated occurs at arachnoid sites
what is pethidine
synthetic opioid of choice during labour
what is levallorphan
partial agonist on certain opioid receptors
this means that it can be used to reverse the effects of some stronger opioids such as morphine whilst still providing pain relief
what is diamophine
heroin
what is methadone
used as a substitute for heroin in addiction
useful in neuropathic pain
what ligament is most likely to be damaged in a whiplash injury
anterior longitudinal ligament
what is the incidence of PTSD following rape
80%
what nerve crosses an upwards bend on the lingual artery
cranial nerve 12
what are the side effects of narcotic analgesics
sedation, resp depression, nausea, dependance
what benzodiazepine may be prescribed in the management of acute alcohol withdrawl
chlordiazepoxide
what muscle has its superior belly in the anterior triangle and its inferior belly in the posterior triangle
omohyoid
what are the features of a medulloblastoma
primitive neuroectodermal tumour in children and presents with ataxia and respiratory problems
what vein does the occipital vein drain into
internal jugular
describe the ASA physical status classification system which assesses the fitness of patients before surgery
- Healthy person.
- Mild systemic disease.
- Severe systemic disease.
- Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life.
- A moribund person who is not expected to survive without the operation.
- A declared brain-dead person whose organs are being removed for donor purposes.
what is entacapone
may be administered with levodopa to prevent its conversion to 3-OMD by the COMT enzyme
what is memantine
used to treat severe alzeimer’s disease
what is the moa of buspirone which is used to treat anxiety
5-HT1A receptor agonist
which artery has a superior laryngeal branch which pierces the thyrohyoid membrane
superior thyroid artery
what is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands
inferior thyroid artery
what are the features of frontal dementia
social and behavioural impact including disinhibition, stereotyped behaviours and loss of emotional empathy
what laxative would be appropriate for constipation in a terminally ill patient with a short prognosis
co-danthramer
a stimulant laxative used for analgesic induced constipation
only prescribed to terminally ill patients due to possible carcinogenesis
what movement is limited by the alar ligaments
rotation
what are the advantages of fentanyl over morphine
better in renal impairment and less constipating
what neurotransmitter to classical antipsychotics affect the most
dopamine
what is zolpidem
a short acting anxiolytic agent that acts on GABA A receptors and is not a benzodiazepine
what is the nerve supply of the carotid sinus
glossopharyngeal
what is the secretomotor innervation of the submandibular gland
facial
what substances are released by free nerve endings and recruit silent receptors which expand the receptive field
bradykinin
CGRP
substance P
what first line anticonvulsant would you use to treat absence seizures
ethosuximide
what organism can be stained with india ink
Cryptococcus neoformans (common in people with suppressed immune systems)
describe the features of Neisseria meningitis
onset of symptoms is faster with a more severe symptom profile
what are the features of tuberculous meningitis
acid fast bacilli would be seen in the CSF
