practice 6 Flashcards
How do you calculate a patient’s ABCD2 score for a TIA
Age ≥ 60 years +1
BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg +1 (Initial blood pressure reading. Either SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90)
Clinical Features of the TIA- Unilateral Weakness +2, Speech Disturbance without Weakness +1, Other Symptoms= 0
Duration of Symptoms- <10 Minutes= 0, 10-59 Minutes+1, ≥ 60 Minutes+2
History of Diabetes +1
what is the thyrocervical trunk a branch of
1st part of the subclavian artery
what are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk
the inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery and suprascapular artery
what is the costocervical artery a branch of
2nd part of subclavian
How is Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy inherited
mitochondria
Which muscle does the submandibular gland wrap around?
Mylohyoid
what antidepressant can cause QT elongation
citalopram (an SSRI)
what are some side effects of glucocorticoid treatment
cushings
irregular menstruation
osteoporosis
weight gain
what hypoglycaemic can cause flatulence
acarbose
what hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells in the thyroid
calcitonin
what is calcitriol
vitamin D
what secretes TSH
anterior pituitary gland
where is thyroxine secreted
follicular cells in the thyroid
which thyroid hormone is considered a prohormone
T4 which is metabolised to T3
what level is defined as hypoglycaemia
2.2
which hypoglycaemic functions to increase gene transcription of insulin genes
ploglitazone
when is cortisol normally elevated
7-9 am
why is mineralocorticoid excess associated with decreased potassium
mineralocorticoids increase sodium reabsorption and decrease potassium reabsorption
what factor is responsible for activating macrophages
interferon gamma
how many years of life are lost in women with a bmi of 30 compared to 25
7
which of the following factors is linked to ankylosing spondilits
HLA-B27
what enzyme metabolises adrenaline
monoamine oxidase
what is lispro
short acting insulin
which first line hypoglycaemic also encourages weight loss
metformin
which hypoglycaemic mimic glucagon like peptide
exanitide
which ions are the major constituents of intracellular fluid
sodium and phosphate
what are the features of cushings syndrome
hypertension hyperglycaemia skin pigmentation wasting of proximal limb muscles increased appetite increased proteolysis bone demineralisation abnormal collagen (striae) increased red cell count
what is the most common cause of cushings
long term use of synthetic glucocorticoids
less common is a ACTH secreting tumour (ectopic or pituitary)
or an adrenal tumour
what proportion of those age 75-80 have two or more long term conditions
20-25%
what is the most common cause of addisons in the uk
autoimmune adrenalitis
cells in the cortex are destroyed which limits the production of steroid hormones (aldosterone and cortisol)
how can TB cause Addison’s disease
caseating necrosis of the adrenals
what is hereditary haemochromatosis
excess ion accumulates in organs
what would expect to see with someone who has primary hypothyroidism
high TSH and low thyroid hormones
what disease would cause elevated calcium levels
hyperparathyroidism
what is somatropin
a growth hormone
how is GH regulated
inhibition of GH secretion is induced by somatostatin
also negative feedback from GH
what affect does somatostatin have on glucagon
inhibits glucagon release
how does dopamine affect the hypothalamus
inhibits synthesis and release of prolactin
