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MD4001 > practice 6 > Flashcards

practice 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate a patient’s ABCD2 score for a TIA

A

Age ≥ 60 years +1
BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg +1 (Initial blood pressure reading. Either SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90)
Clinical Features of the TIA- Unilateral Weakness +2, Speech Disturbance without Weakness +1, Other Symptoms= 0
Duration of Symptoms- <10 Minutes= 0, 10-59 Minutes+1, ≥ 60 Minutes+2
History of Diabetes +1

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2
Q

what is the thyrocervical trunk a branch of

A

1st part of the subclavian artery

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3
Q

what are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk

A

the inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery and suprascapular artery

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4
Q

what is the costocervical artery a branch of

A

2nd part of subclavian

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5
Q

How is Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy inherited

A

mitochondria

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6
Q

Which muscle does the submandibular gland wrap around?

A

Mylohyoid

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7
Q

what antidepressant can cause QT elongation

A

citalopram (an SSRI)

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8
Q

what are some side effects of glucocorticoid treatment

A

cushings
irregular menstruation
osteoporosis
weight gain

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9
Q

what hypoglycaemic can cause flatulence

A

acarbose

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10
Q

what hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells in the thyroid

A

calcitonin

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11
Q

what is calcitriol

A

vitamin D

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12
Q

what secretes TSH

A

anterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

where is thyroxine secreted

A

follicular cells in the thyroid

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14
Q

which thyroid hormone is considered a prohormone

A

T4 which is metabolised to T3

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15
Q

what level is defined as hypoglycaemia

A

2.2

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16
Q

which hypoglycaemic functions to increase gene transcription of insulin genes

A

ploglitazone

17
Q

when is cortisol normally elevated

A

7-9 am

18
Q

why is mineralocorticoid excess associated with decreased potassium

A

mineralocorticoids increase sodium reabsorption and decrease potassium reabsorption

19
Q

what factor is responsible for activating macrophages

A

interferon gamma

20
Q

how many years of life are lost in women with a bmi of 30 compared to 25

A

7

21
Q

which of the following factors is linked to ankylosing spondilits

A

HLA-B27

22
Q

what enzyme metabolises adrenaline

A

monoamine oxidase

23
Q

what is lispro

A

short acting insulin

24
Q

which first line hypoglycaemic also encourages weight loss

A

metformin

25
Q

which hypoglycaemic mimic glucagon like peptide

A

exanitide

26
Q

which ions are the major constituents of intracellular fluid

A

sodium and phosphate

27
Q

what are the features of cushings syndrome

A 
hypertension
hyperglycaemia
skin pigmentation 
wasting of proximal limb muscles
increased appetite
increased proteolysis
bone demineralisation 
abnormal collagen (striae) 
increased red cell count
28
Q

what is the most common cause of cushings

A

long term use of synthetic glucocorticoids

less common is a ACTH secreting tumour (ectopic or pituitary)
or an adrenal tumour

29
Q

what proportion of those age 75-80 have two or more long term conditions

A

20-25%

30
Q

what is the most common cause of addisons in the uk

A

autoimmune adrenalitis

cells in the cortex are destroyed which limits the production of steroid hormones (aldosterone and cortisol)

31
Q

how can TB cause Addison’s disease

A

caseating necrosis of the adrenals

32
Q

what is hereditary haemochromatosis

A

excess ion accumulates in organs

33
Q

what would expect to see with someone who has primary hypothyroidism

A

high TSH and low thyroid hormones

34
Q

what disease would cause elevated calcium levels

A

hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

what is somatropin

A

a growth hormone

36
Q

how is GH regulated

A

inhibition of GH secretion is induced by somatostatin

also negative feedback from GH

37
Q

what affect does somatostatin have on glucagon

A

inhibits glucagon release

38
Q

how does dopamine affect the hypothalamus

A

inhibits synthesis and release of prolactin

MD4001 (38 decks)

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