Practice questions 2 Flashcards
what nerve is at risk during thyroidectomy when the inferior thyroid artery is ligated
recurrent laryngeal
which branch of the subclavian artery helps to supply the brain
vertebral
which muscle divides the subclavian artery into three parts
scalenus anterior
what are paranasal air sinuses
spaces lined with respiratory epithelium which communicate with the nasal cavity
which paranasal sinus is inferior to the orbit
maxillary
which nerve supplies the posterior third of the tongue with taste sensation
glossopharyngeal
what nerve provides secretomotor innervation to the submandibular gland
facial
which cartilage completely surrounds the respiratory tract
cricoid
what muscle does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?
stylopharyngeus
what is a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants
adverse effects on the heart
contraindicated with MAO inhibitors
dry mouth and blurred vision
postural hypotension
convulsions
bromocryptine
dopamine receptor antagonist
what can result from blockade of dopamine receptors
infertility
parkinsonianism
can treat psychotic disorders
what drug can block dopamine receptors
haloperidol (antipsychotic)
what happens when L-dopa is used to treat parkinsons
it is taken up by dopaminergic neurones
it can cause psychosis
what drug can be combined with L-dopa to reduce peripheral effects
carbidopa
what are some effects of chlorpromazine (neuroleptic antipsychotic)
causes urinary retention, gynaecomastia, weight gain, dry mouth
what is busipirone
anxiolytic
what is 5-HT (Hydroxytryptamine)
central neurotransmitter
can cause increased GI motility
reuptake is inhibited by clomipramine
what is clomipramine
Tricyclic antidepressant
what is reserpine
antipsychotic and antihypertensive
what are some features of excitotoxicity
excesive build up of neurotransmitter (glutamate) around the neuron
generation of free radicals
calcium overload
activation of intra cellular proteases and lipases
what are some side effects of narcotic analgesia
nausea
dependence
sedation
resp, depression
what prostaglandin opposes platelet aggregation
prostacyclin
mannitol
a sugar used to treat raised intracranial pressure
what are the features of drug metabolism
it may produce a compound with more or less pharmacological activity
it may produce metabolites with a higher water solubility
which muscle displaces the eye downwards and inwards
inferior rectus muscle (occulomotor nerve)
what muscles does the occulomotor nerve supply
superior rectus
levator palpebrae superioris
medial rectus
inferior oblique
what are the two occulomotor nuclei
occulomotor nucleus
Edinger-westphal (psymp)
where is the occulomotor nucleus
superior colliculus
what is the function of the edinger westphal nucleus
pupil constriction (sphincter pupillae) cilliary muscle (accommodation)
what muscle does the trochlear nerve supply
superior oblique
what is the function of superior oblique (trochlear nerve)
abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye
how many extraoccular muscles control the eye
6
what is the function of the lateral rectus muscle (abducens nerve(
points the eye down and laterally
where does the olfactory and optic nerves emerge from
cerebrum/forebrain
what nuclei are found in the midbrain
3 and 4
what nuclei are found in the pons
5,6,7,8
what nuclei are found in the medulla
9,10,11, 12
what is a ganglion
a nuclei found in the PNS (in terms of cranial nerves they may be sensory or psymp)
which cranial nerves have a sensory function
5,7,8,9,10
which cranial nerves also have an autonomic function
3, 7, 9, 10
