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MD4001 > Practice 7 > Flashcards

Practice 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the branches of the maxillary artery

A

mandibular, pterygoid and pterygopalatine

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2
Q

describe the course of the maxillary artery

A

the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, arises behind the neck of the mandible, and is at first imbedded in the substance of the parotid gland; it passes forward between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, and then runs, either superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle, to the pterygopalatine fossa.

It supplies the deep structures of the face

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3
Q

what does the external carotid artery terminate as

A

the maxillary and superficial temporal

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4
Q

what type of receptors does thyroid hormone act on

A

nuclear

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5
Q

where is thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland

A

extracellularly within highly proteinaceous material called thyroid colloid

this is surrounded by thyroid follicular cells

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6
Q

how much does the thyroid weight

A

20 g

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7
Q

what does lissencephaly mean

A

smooth brain

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8
Q

Arnold chairi malformation

A

downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

this causes non communicating hydrocephalus

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9
Q

what does holoprosencephaly mean

A

the forebrain fails to develop into two separate hemispheres

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10
Q

what is Ehlers- Danlos syndrome

A

connective tissue disorder

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11
Q

What is Dandy walker malformation

A

posterior cranial fossa anomaly leading to partial or complete absence of the vermis

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12
Q

what artery supplies trapezius and rhomboids

A

transverse cervical

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13
Q

what artery originates from either the second or third part of the subclavian artery

A

dorsal scapula

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14
Q

what artery ascends posteromedially and gives off a branch which anastomoses with the occipital artery

A

costocervical trunk

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15
Q

what stroke has a triad of hemiparesis, hemianopia and dysphasia

A

total anterior stroke

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16
Q

what stroke presents with bilateral motor and sensory deficits

A

posterior circulation

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17
Q

what type of haemorrhage is common in car accidents

A

intracerebral

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18
Q

loss of the direct pupillary response but not the consensual. what cranial nerve is damaged

A

optic

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19
Q

how much more common is depression in people with a chronic physical health problem

A

two or three

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20
Q

what disease is HLA b27 associated with

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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21
Q

what factor is responsible for activating macrophages

A

interferon gamma

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22
Q

what is Conn’s syndrome

A

adrenal adenoma
primary hyperaldosteronism

excess production of aldosterone in the adrenals and low renin

high blood pressure

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23
Q

what drug can be prescribed for Conns disease

A

spironolactone

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24
Q

what value is used to diagnose diabetes 2 hours following the glucose tolerance test

A

11.1 mmol

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25
Q

does somatostatin increase or decrease glucagon release

A

decreases

26
Q

what is the other name for growth hormone

A

somatotropin

27
Q

what substances inhibit growth hormone secretion

A

somatostatin
(paraventricular nucleus)
negative feedback of growth hormone
IGF1 from the liver

28
Q

how does growth hormone exert short loop control

A

stimulates the secretion of somatostatin and inhibits GRH

29
Q

what effect does oestrogen have on GRH release

A

stimulates GRH thereby promoting GH secretion

30
Q

what thyroid hormone is needed for GRH to work

A

T3

lack of thyroid hormone results in GH deficiency

31
Q

what is insulin like growth factor (IGF 1)

A

released from the liver and suppresses GH synthesis

32
Q

what is calcitriol

A

active form of vitamin D

33
Q

what disease may have tiredness, hypotension, weight loss and skin pigmentation as symptoms

A

addisons

34
Q

what is the short Synacthen test

A

adrenal insufficiency for addisons

35
Q

what is the most common cause of addisons in the UK

A

autoimmune adrenalitis

destroys cells in the cortex which limits the production of steroid hormones, aldosterone and cortisol

36
Q

how can tuberculosis cause addisons

A

can destroy the whole adrenal gland through the production of a caseating granuloma

37
Q

What is waterhouse Freidrighson syndrome

A

Post meningococcal septicaemia leading to adrenal haemorrhage leading to acute insufficiency

38
Q

what cancer is likely to spread to the adrenals

A

small cell lung cancer

39
Q

what is the commonest cause of Cushings

A

long term therapeutic use of pharmacological doses of synthetic glucocorticoids

40
Q

what is the most common cause of primary cushings

A

adrenal tumour (often presents with skin pigementation)

41
Q

why is hyperglycaemia common in Cushings

A

glucocorticoids are diabetogenic

42
Q

what leads to large abdominal striae on people with cushings

A

lack of collagen synthesis

43
Q

what muscle groups are commonly wasted in cushings disease

A

proximal limb muscles

44
Q

in what endocrine disease are levels of erythropoietin and haematocrit raised

A

cushings

45
Q

in what endocrine disorder are pathological fractures common due to bone demineralisation

A

Cushings

46
Q

why are infections common in cushings disease

A

immune suppression

47
Q

what structure secretes oxytocin

A

hypothalamus and reaches the posterior pituitary

48
Q

what is the prevalence of PTSD following MI

A

16%

49
Q

what benzodiazepine may be prescribed in management of acute alcohol withdrawl

A

chlordiazepoxide

50
Q

what is zolpidem

A

short acting anxiolytic that acts on GABA a but is not a benzodiazepine

51
Q

what opiate drug is not commonly prescribed due to its ability to cause cardiac arrhythmias

A

dextropropoxyphene

52
Q

what is the ASA physical classification system

A

asseses the fitness of patients before surgery

1.healthy
2 mild systemic disease
3 severe
4 severe systemic disease which is a constant threat to life
5 a moribund patient who will not otherwise survive
6 brain dead patient whose organs are being removed

53
Q

what inhaled anaesthetic agent may cause respiratory tract irritation and is expensive

A

desflurane

54
Q

name some anaesthetic inhalation agents

A

isoflurane
sevoflurane
desflurane
NO

55
Q

what is benztropine used for in the treatment of parkinsons disease

A

Parkinson’s caused by use of antipsychotic dopamine antagonist

56
Q

what dopamine receptor is increased 6 fold in the striatum of schizophrenics

A

D4

57
Q

what is dementia of the Alzeimers type

A

all dementias that do not have an obvious organic cause

58
Q

what is memantine used to treat

A

Severe alzeimers

59
Q

describe the synthesis of adrenalin in chromaffin cells

A 
tyrosine
L dopa
dopamine 
noradrenaline 
adrenaline
60
Q

describe the synthesis of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol (d3) and ergocalciferol (d2) are converted in the liver to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
this is converted in the kidneys to 1, 25- hydroxycholecalciferol

MD4001 (38 decks)

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