Practice 7 Flashcards
what are the branches of the maxillary artery
mandibular, pterygoid and pterygopalatine
describe the course of the maxillary artery
the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, arises behind the neck of the mandible, and is at first imbedded in the substance of the parotid gland; it passes forward between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, and then runs, either superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle, to the pterygopalatine fossa.
It supplies the deep structures of the face
what does the external carotid artery terminate as
the maxillary and superficial temporal
what type of receptors does thyroid hormone act on
nuclear
where is thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland
extracellularly within highly proteinaceous material called thyroid colloid
this is surrounded by thyroid follicular cells
how much does the thyroid weight
20 g
what does lissencephaly mean
smooth brain
Arnold chairi malformation
downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum
this causes non communicating hydrocephalus
what does holoprosencephaly mean
the forebrain fails to develop into two separate hemispheres
what is Ehlers- Danlos syndrome
connective tissue disorder
What is Dandy walker malformation
posterior cranial fossa anomaly leading to partial or complete absence of the vermis
what artery supplies trapezius and rhomboids
transverse cervical
what artery originates from either the second or third part of the subclavian artery
dorsal scapula
what artery ascends posteromedially and gives off a branch which anastomoses with the occipital artery
costocervical trunk
what stroke has a triad of hemiparesis, hemianopia and dysphasia
total anterior stroke
what stroke presents with bilateral motor and sensory deficits
posterior circulation
what type of haemorrhage is common in car accidents
intracerebral
loss of the direct pupillary response but not the consensual. what cranial nerve is damaged
optic
how much more common is depression in people with a chronic physical health problem
two or three
what disease is HLA b27 associated with
ankylosing spondylitis
what factor is responsible for activating macrophages
interferon gamma
what is Conn’s syndrome
adrenal adenoma
primary hyperaldosteronism
excess production of aldosterone in the adrenals and low renin
high blood pressure
what drug can be prescribed for Conns disease
spironolactone
what value is used to diagnose diabetes 2 hours following the glucose tolerance test
11.1 mmol
does somatostatin increase or decrease glucagon release
decreases
what is the other name for growth hormone
somatotropin
what substances inhibit growth hormone secretion
somatostatin
(paraventricular nucleus)
negative feedback of growth hormone
IGF1 from the liver
how does growth hormone exert short loop control
stimulates the secretion of somatostatin and inhibits GRH
what effect does oestrogen have on GRH release
stimulates GRH thereby promoting GH secretion
what thyroid hormone is needed for GRH to work
T3
lack of thyroid hormone results in GH deficiency
what is insulin like growth factor (IGF 1)
released from the liver and suppresses GH synthesis
what is calcitriol
active form of vitamin D
what disease may have tiredness, hypotension, weight loss and skin pigmentation as symptoms
addisons
what is the short Synacthen test
adrenal insufficiency for addisons
what is the most common cause of addisons in the UK
autoimmune adrenalitis
destroys cells in the cortex which limits the production of steroid hormones, aldosterone and cortisol
how can tuberculosis cause addisons
can destroy the whole adrenal gland through the production of a caseating granuloma
What is waterhouse Freidrighson syndrome
Post meningococcal septicaemia leading to adrenal haemorrhage leading to acute insufficiency
what cancer is likely to spread to the adrenals
small cell lung cancer
what is the commonest cause of Cushings
long term therapeutic use of pharmacological doses of synthetic glucocorticoids
what is the most common cause of primary cushings
adrenal tumour (often presents with skin pigementation)
why is hyperglycaemia common in Cushings
glucocorticoids are diabetogenic
what leads to large abdominal striae on people with cushings
lack of collagen synthesis
what muscle groups are commonly wasted in cushings disease
proximal limb muscles
in what endocrine disease are levels of erythropoietin and haematocrit raised
cushings
in what endocrine disorder are pathological fractures common due to bone demineralisation
Cushings
why are infections common in cushings disease
immune suppression
what structure secretes oxytocin
hypothalamus and reaches the posterior pituitary
what is the prevalence of PTSD following MI
16%
what benzodiazepine may be prescribed in management of acute alcohol withdrawl
chlordiazepoxide
what is zolpidem
short acting anxiolytic that acts on GABA a but is not a benzodiazepine
what opiate drug is not commonly prescribed due to its ability to cause cardiac arrhythmias
dextropropoxyphene
what is the ASA physical classification system
asseses the fitness of patients before surgery
1.healthy
2 mild systemic disease
3 severe
4 severe systemic disease which is a constant threat to life
5 a moribund patient who will not otherwise survive
6 brain dead patient whose organs are being removed
what inhaled anaesthetic agent may cause respiratory tract irritation and is expensive
desflurane
name some anaesthetic inhalation agents
isoflurane
sevoflurane
desflurane
NO
what is benztropine used for in the treatment of parkinsons disease
Parkinson’s caused by use of antipsychotic dopamine antagonist
what dopamine receptor is increased 6 fold in the striatum of schizophrenics
D4
what is dementia of the Alzeimers type
all dementias that do not have an obvious organic cause
what is memantine used to treat
Severe alzeimers
describe the synthesis of adrenalin in chromaffin cells
tyrosine L dopa dopamine noradrenaline adrenaline
describe the synthesis of vitamin D
cholecalciferol (d3) and ergocalciferol (d2) are converted in the liver to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
this is converted in the kidneys to 1, 25- hydroxycholecalciferol
