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Nutrition Semester 2 > **Practice Exams > Flashcards

**Practice Exams Flashcards

1
Q

1 - 3 hormones capable of stimulating lipolysis

2 - which hormone antagonises the effect of these hormones

A 
epinephrine
norepinephrine
adrenocorticotropic hormone
TSH
thyroxine
glucagon
growth hormone

2 - insulin

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2
Q

Name the group of phytochemicals:
water soluble molecules containing 15 carbon atoms
belonging to polyphenol family
provides colour to plants

A

flavonoids

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3
Q

name a flavonoid and where it can be found

A 
catechin - green tea
proanthocyanidin - nerves
naringenin - citrus fruits
quercitin - broccoli
genistein - soy foods, legumes
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4
Q

1 way in which ruin acts to protect against disease

A

anti oxidant
iron-chelator
free radical scavenger
may protect against oxidised LDL

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5
Q

how does grapefruit cause nutrient-drug interactons

A

flavonoids in grapefruit inhibit hepatic microsomes containing cytochrome p450 ph 1 liver detox enzymes.
This increases bioavailability and plasma concentrations of many drugs and could lead to drug overdose.

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6
Q

2 ways in which legumes protect against CV disaese

A

^ fibre lowers cholesterol
^ folate lowers homocysteine
^ K & Mg lowers CVD risk
low GL reduces insulin resistance

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7
Q

Which order must ingredients be listed on food labels

A

descending order

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8
Q

definition of safe upper level re dietary reference values

A

highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals

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9
Q

3 nutrients or which a safe upper level has been set

A 
Vit A
beta carotene
calcium
copper
fluoride
iodine
iron
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10
Q

why does table sugar have lower GI than glucose

A

table sugar is sucrose:
half glucose half fructose
fructose only causes v small increase in blood sugar

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11
Q

name 2 CV conditions where CoQ10 could benefit, describing how

A

Atherosclerosis - inhibits LDL oxidation, prevents monocyte recruitment

Congestive heart failure - CHF patients have been shown to have lower levels of CoQ10

MI - coQ10 decreases post-infarct heart damage

Angina pectoris - coQ10 improves exercise tolerance, reduces ECG changes

Hypertension - Q10 decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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12
Q

Name a condition unrelated to joint health where glucosamine is useful

A

IBD

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13
Q

name 2 potential side effects of shiitake mushrooms

A

abdominal discomfort
eosinophilia
shiitake dermatitis
photosensitivity

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14
Q

which orthomolecular nutrient is anecdotally reported to improve autism

A

dimethylglycine

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15
Q

3 benefits of breastfeeding to mothers

A

delays return of ovulation - lengthens birth intervals

conserves iron stores by prolonging amenorrhoea

may protect against breast cancer

may protect against ovarian cancer

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16
Q

what carbohydrate found in breast milk

A

lactose

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17
Q

2 ways breastfeeding offers immunological protection to babies

A

colostrum protects infant from infections against which mother has gained immunity

maternal antibodies in breastmilk inactivate pathogenic bacteria in infants gut

provides bifidus factors - probiotics for lactobacillus bifidus, encouraging its growth

lactoferrin binds to iron, preventing it from fuelling bacteria growth

lactadherin fights off virus causing most cases of infant diarrhoea

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18
Q

young girls who consume more animal products and fewer fruits/veg have puberty earlier than average age.
why is this a problem

A

puberty before 12 is strongly ass with breast cancer

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19
Q

3 factors influencing adolescent food choices

A 
increased appetite due to growth spurt
decreased appetite due to drug/alcohol use
influence of peers
concerns around body image
media/advertising
more indépendance/increased money spring
availability of fast/convenience foods
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20
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, function

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21
Q

3 factors contributing to development of sacrcopenia

A 
decreased activity of insulin/insulin resistance
decreased activity of growth hormone
decreased androgen levels
increased prolactin
sedentary lifestyle/reduced mobility
decreased protein intake
increased simple carb intake
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22
Q

5 reasons which could explain why cancer rates are 50-75% lower in vegetarians

A

they are generally more insulin sensitive
diets usually higher in antioxidants
less exposed to dietary carcinogens
less exposed to oestrogens
different bowel flora
veggies have lower levels of secondary bile acids
superior immune defence against cancer cells than omnivores
more than twice the NK cell activity than omnivores

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23
Q

3 nutrients vegans should consider supplementing

A 
B12
EPA
DHA
D
Ca
Zn
Fe
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24
Q

2 year old boy - spoon-shaped nails.
Mum says fussy eater, drinks lots of milk.
most likely explanation?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

due to competitive absorption with calcium

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25
Q

what is schamroth’s sign and what can it indicate

A

small diamond-shaped space between nails of two forefingers when placed together
indicates nails are not clubbed

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26
Q

describe concept of TCM body clock

A

energy circulates in distinct pattern from organ to organ

this energy gives the organ fuel to function

each organ takes an active role in the body at a given time

if any illness/disease occurs, related organ can be treated at its specific time on TCM clock

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27
Q

where on tongue would you assess health of liver/gallbladder

A

sides

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28
Q

what is name of unit of energy required to raise temp of 1g water by 1C

A

a calorie

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29
Q

4 factors influencing RMR

A 
body composition
age
gender
physical activity
genetic factors
thyroid activity
sympathetic NS activity
meal quantity
macronutrient content of meal
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30
Q

2 hormones ass with decrease in food intake

A 
serotonin
dopamine
histamine
leptin
CCK - cholecystokinin
insulin
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31
Q

name 1 effect DDT had on wildlife causing it to be banned in 1970s

A

atlantic salmon exposed as eggs experienced impaired balance/delayed appearance of normal behaviour patterns
egg shell thinning in birds

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32
Q

3 conditions in family history may contraindicate OCP

A 
blood clots
serious heart disease
serious liver disease
breast cancer
uterine cancer
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33
Q

3 side effects longterm use of cocaine

A 
insomnia
depression
anxiety
paranoia
psychosis
eating disorders
weight loss
sexual dysfunction
hypertension
irregular heartbeat
hallucinations
cerebral atrophy
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34
Q

2 serious side effects of NSAIDS

A 
GI bleeding
ulcers
perforation of stomach/intestines
heart attack
stroke
allergic reaction
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35
Q

If the MHRA (medicines healthcare and products regulatory agency) decide a nutritional supplement is of a medical nature, may medicinal claims be made that it treats/cures human disease?

A

Yes

36
Q

If FSA (food standards agency) oversees a supplement and it is not a registered medicinal product may medicinal claims be made for it?

A

No

37
Q

If a supplement had been granted the right to specify that it treats a deficiency state would it be under MHRA or FSA?

A

MHRA

38
Q

As nutritional therapist the majority of the supplements we recommend will be under jurisdiction of which body

A

FSA

39
Q

do sesame seeds/peanuts have to be labelled as potential allergens

A

yes

40
Q

are celery and mustard potential allergens

A

yes

41
Q

minerals best taken with/without food.

why?

A

With, as require sufficient stomach acid for digestion. Eating them with food is likely to ensure there is sufficient HCL present.

42
Q

can minerals be made by plants

A

no

43
Q

what is main factor influencing amount of minerals found in a plant

A

soil mineral content

44
Q

deficiency of which 2 minerals may increase uptake of lead from intestines

A

Fe

Ca

45
Q

when supplemented which form of minerals have more side effects - inorganic or organic

A

inorganic

46
Q

Ex of inorganic & organic form of Mg

A

inorganic - Mg sulphate

organic - Mg citrate/glycinate

47
Q

2 poss advantages of taking Vit C sup in an alkaline mineral chemical form. What do we call these forms.

A

they are called buffered forms
reduce harshness on stomach
body can also utilise mineral

48
Q

pyridoxal 5 phosphate is bio-active form of which vit

A

B6

49
Q

founders of western naturopathic movement founded their therapy on which diet

A

vegetarian

50
Q

according to blood type diet, which type is best suited to a meat-based diet

A

O

51
Q

why is a vegetarian likely to have a lower intake of environmental contaminants

A

contaminants accumulate as we move up food chain

52
Q

3 reasons vegetarians have reduced CVD risk and mechanism behind

A

lower total cholesterol - when oxidised LDL is dangerous to blood vessels
lower hypertension - hypertension implicated in stroke, heart attack
lower obesity - obesity increases CVD risk
lower Fe stores - excess Fe can be pro-oxidant and damage blood vessels
higher antioxidant levels - reduces oxidative damage, protects vessels
reduced levels of clotting factors (fibrinogen) - blood clots cause heart attack/stroke

53
Q

primary inhibitors of zinc absorption in veggie diet

A

phytates

Ca

54
Q

would you routinely supplement Fe in vegetarian male?

why?

A

No
always test first as excess Fe pro-oxidant
men don’t lose iron regularly, unlike menstruating women

55
Q

how much spirulina should vegan consume to ensure enough B12

A

none - spirulina not an adequate source

56
Q

which diet promotes grains as staple food, supplemented with veg and beans

A

macrobiotic

57
Q

how are SCD diet and GAPS diet intended to work to support good health

A

by improving condition of gut
supporting symbiotic relationship with gut flora
maximising absorption
minimising unfavourable products of maldigestion

58
Q

which vitamin is breast milk low in

A

D

59
Q

which vitamin given at birth, why

A

k
reduces risk if haemorrhage disease in newborn
breast milk vit K content varies
infants lack intestinal bacteria needed to synthesise K

60
Q

low Fe in children common.

2 clinical issues that can result in too little consumption of iron

A 
excessive dairy
prolonged breast feeding
vegetarian/vegan diet
fussy eating
^ phytate content of diet
61
Q

pronounced signs of iron def anaemia not responding to therapy is indicative of toxic levels of what

A

lead

62
Q

what can soy isoflavones do that make them so interesting in regards to hormonal health concerns

A

they bind to oestrogen receptors

63
Q

soy isoflavones are believed to have which actions that help combat development of cancer

A 
antioxidant
anti proliferative
antiangiogenic
prolong the menstrual cycle
reduce mid-cycle surges of LH/FSH
positively alter oestrogen metabolites
64
Q

which grain has greatest properties of soluble fibre

A

oats

65
Q

in heathy person what does ^fibre do to stool weight and colonic transit time

A

increases both

66
Q

how are proanthocyanidins in cranberry thought to work in reducing UTIs

A

by coating/wrapping around bacteria

E coli causes most UTIs

67
Q

apart from e coli, what other bacteria is cranberry useful in combatting (gastric health)

A

helicobactor pylori

68
Q

which flavonoid in apples might be responsible for their benefit in poss lung cancer prevention

A

quercetin

69
Q

when choosing foods to support health, do we want to inhibit or increase ph 1 detox in relation to ph 2?

A

inhibit

70
Q

do we want to inhibit or induce ph 2 detox?

A

induce

71
Q

germination increases or decreases vitamins in quinoa

A

increases

72
Q

when sprouting indirect or direct sunlight best

A

indirect

73
Q

2 hormone-like substances that play a large role in immune/inflamm reactions ass with food intolerances/allergies

A 
histamines
cytokines
prostaglandins
lymphokines
interferons
74
Q

name a urinary tract condition/symptom related to food intolerance

A

bed-wetting
nephrotic syndrome
non-bacterial cystitis
chronic bladder infections

75
Q

which system is most affected by lead toxicity?

name a known effect.

A 
CNS
lowered IQ
impaired memory
impaired reaction time
reduced concentration
76
Q

affect of amphetamines on appetite

A

reduce

77
Q

affect of cannabis on appetite

A

increase

78
Q

name of bacteria that can grow unchecked and cause colitis in frequent antibiotic use

A

clostridium difficile

79
Q

if you had a client with periodontal disease which orthomolecular nutrients would you recommend and why

A

coQ10.

diseased gum tissues have significantly lower levels of Q10 than healthy

80
Q

is glucosamine sulphate naturally present in body

A

no

81
Q

is N-Acetyl-Clucosamine naturally present in body

A

yes

82
Q

How long is the half life of glucosamine sulphate

A

short

83
Q

how long is half life of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine

A

long

84
Q

what is bioavailability of glucosamine sulphate

A

high

85
Q

what is bioavailability of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine

A

low

86
Q

how is a nutrient which donates methyl groups likely to decrease risk of CVD

A

by reducing homocysteine levels

87
Q

what is property in red wine thought to reduce risk of CVD

A

resveratrol or betaine anhydrous

Nutrition Semester 2 (18 decks)

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