**Practice Exams Flashcards
1 - 3 hormones capable of stimulating lipolysis
2 - which hormone antagonises the effect of these hormones
epinephrine norepinephrine adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH thyroxine glucagon growth hormone
2 - insulin
Name the group of phytochemicals:
water soluble molecules containing 15 carbon atoms
belonging to polyphenol family
provides colour to plants
flavonoids
name a flavonoid and where it can be found
catechin - green tea proanthocyanidin - nerves naringenin - citrus fruits quercitin - broccoli genistein - soy foods, legumes
1 way in which ruin acts to protect against disease
anti oxidant
iron-chelator
free radical scavenger
may protect against oxidised LDL
how does grapefruit cause nutrient-drug interactons
flavonoids in grapefruit inhibit hepatic microsomes containing cytochrome p450 ph 1 liver detox enzymes.
This increases bioavailability and plasma concentrations of many drugs and could lead to drug overdose.
2 ways in which legumes protect against CV disaese
^ fibre lowers cholesterol
^ folate lowers homocysteine
^ K & Mg lowers CVD risk
low GL reduces insulin resistance
Which order must ingredients be listed on food labels
descending order
definition of safe upper level re dietary reference values
highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals
3 nutrients or which a safe upper level has been set
Vit A beta carotene calcium copper fluoride iodine iron
why does table sugar have lower GI than glucose
table sugar is sucrose:
half glucose half fructose
fructose only causes v small increase in blood sugar
name 2 CV conditions where CoQ10 could benefit, describing how
Atherosclerosis - inhibits LDL oxidation, prevents monocyte recruitment
Congestive heart failure - CHF patients have been shown to have lower levels of CoQ10
MI - coQ10 decreases post-infarct heart damage
Angina pectoris - coQ10 improves exercise tolerance, reduces ECG changes
Hypertension - Q10 decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Name a condition unrelated to joint health where glucosamine is useful
IBD
name 2 potential side effects of shiitake mushrooms
abdominal discomfort
eosinophilia
shiitake dermatitis
photosensitivity
which orthomolecular nutrient is anecdotally reported to improve autism
dimethylglycine
3 benefits of breastfeeding to mothers
delays return of ovulation - lengthens birth intervals
conserves iron stores by prolonging amenorrhoea
may protect against breast cancer
may protect against ovarian cancer
what carbohydrate found in breast milk
lactose
2 ways breastfeeding offers immunological protection to babies
colostrum protects infant from infections against which mother has gained immunity
maternal antibodies in breastmilk inactivate pathogenic bacteria in infants gut
provides bifidus factors - probiotics for lactobacillus bifidus, encouraging its growth
lactoferrin binds to iron, preventing it from fuelling bacteria growth
lactadherin fights off virus causing most cases of infant diarrhoea
young girls who consume more animal products and fewer fruits/veg have puberty earlier than average age.
why is this a problem
puberty before 12 is strongly ass with breast cancer
3 factors influencing adolescent food choices
increased appetite due to growth spurt decreased appetite due to drug/alcohol use influence of peers concerns around body image media/advertising more indépendance/increased money spring availability of fast/convenience foods
what is sarcopenia
age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, function
3 factors contributing to development of sacrcopenia
decreased activity of insulin/insulin resistance decreased activity of growth hormone decreased androgen levels increased prolactin sedentary lifestyle/reduced mobility decreased protein intake increased simple carb intake
5 reasons which could explain why cancer rates are 50-75% lower in vegetarians
they are generally more insulin sensitive
diets usually higher in antioxidants
less exposed to dietary carcinogens
less exposed to oestrogens
different bowel flora
veggies have lower levels of secondary bile acids
superior immune defence against cancer cells than omnivores
more than twice the NK cell activity than omnivores
3 nutrients vegans should consider supplementing
B12 EPA DHA D Ca Zn Fe
2 year old boy - spoon-shaped nails.
Mum says fussy eater, drinks lots of milk.
most likely explanation?
Iron deficiency anaemia
due to competitive absorption with calcium
what is schamroth’s sign and what can it indicate
small diamond-shaped space between nails of two forefingers when placed together
indicates nails are not clubbed
describe concept of TCM body clock
energy circulates in distinct pattern from organ to organ
this energy gives the organ fuel to function
each organ takes an active role in the body at a given time
if any illness/disease occurs, related organ can be treated at its specific time on TCM clock
where on tongue would you assess health of liver/gallbladder
sides
what is name of unit of energy required to raise temp of 1g water by 1C
a calorie
4 factors influencing RMR
body composition age gender physical activity genetic factors thyroid activity sympathetic NS activity meal quantity macronutrient content of meal
2 hormones ass with decrease in food intake
serotonin dopamine histamine leptin CCK - cholecystokinin insulin
name 1 effect DDT had on wildlife causing it to be banned in 1970s
atlantic salmon exposed as eggs experienced impaired balance/delayed appearance of normal behaviour patterns
egg shell thinning in birds
3 conditions in family history may contraindicate OCP
blood clots serious heart disease serious liver disease breast cancer uterine cancer
3 side effects longterm use of cocaine
insomnia depression anxiety paranoia psychosis eating disorders weight loss sexual dysfunction hypertension irregular heartbeat hallucinations cerebral atrophy
2 serious side effects of NSAIDS
GI bleeding ulcers perforation of stomach/intestines heart attack stroke allergic reaction
If the MHRA (medicines healthcare and products regulatory agency) decide a nutritional supplement is of a medical nature, may medicinal claims be made that it treats/cures human disease?
Yes
If FSA (food standards agency) oversees a supplement and it is not a registered medicinal product may medicinal claims be made for it?
No
If a supplement had been granted the right to specify that it treats a deficiency state would it be under MHRA or FSA?
MHRA
As nutritional therapist the majority of the supplements we recommend will be under jurisdiction of which body
FSA
do sesame seeds/peanuts have to be labelled as potential allergens
yes
are celery and mustard potential allergens
yes
minerals best taken with/without food.
why?
With, as require sufficient stomach acid for digestion. Eating them with food is likely to ensure there is sufficient HCL present.
can minerals be made by plants
no
what is main factor influencing amount of minerals found in a plant
soil mineral content
deficiency of which 2 minerals may increase uptake of lead from intestines
Fe
Ca
when supplemented which form of minerals have more side effects - inorganic or organic
inorganic
Ex of inorganic & organic form of Mg
inorganic - Mg sulphate
organic - Mg citrate/glycinate
2 poss advantages of taking Vit C sup in an alkaline mineral chemical form. What do we call these forms.
they are called buffered forms
reduce harshness on stomach
body can also utilise mineral
pyridoxal 5 phosphate is bio-active form of which vit
B6
founders of western naturopathic movement founded their therapy on which diet
vegetarian
according to blood type diet, which type is best suited to a meat-based diet
O
why is a vegetarian likely to have a lower intake of environmental contaminants
contaminants accumulate as we move up food chain
3 reasons vegetarians have reduced CVD risk and mechanism behind
lower total cholesterol - when oxidised LDL is dangerous to blood vessels
lower hypertension - hypertension implicated in stroke, heart attack
lower obesity - obesity increases CVD risk
lower Fe stores - excess Fe can be pro-oxidant and damage blood vessels
higher antioxidant levels - reduces oxidative damage, protects vessels
reduced levels of clotting factors (fibrinogen) - blood clots cause heart attack/stroke
primary inhibitors of zinc absorption in veggie diet
phytates
Ca
would you routinely supplement Fe in vegetarian male?
why?
No
always test first as excess Fe pro-oxidant
men don’t lose iron regularly, unlike menstruating women
how much spirulina should vegan consume to ensure enough B12
none - spirulina not an adequate source
which diet promotes grains as staple food, supplemented with veg and beans
macrobiotic
how are SCD diet and GAPS diet intended to work to support good health
by improving condition of gut
supporting symbiotic relationship with gut flora
maximising absorption
minimising unfavourable products of maldigestion
which vitamin is breast milk low in
D
which vitamin given at birth, why
k
reduces risk if haemorrhage disease in newborn
breast milk vit K content varies
infants lack intestinal bacteria needed to synthesise K
low Fe in children common.
2 clinical issues that can result in too little consumption of iron
excessive dairy prolonged breast feeding vegetarian/vegan diet fussy eating ^ phytate content of diet
pronounced signs of iron def anaemia not responding to therapy is indicative of toxic levels of what
lead
what can soy isoflavones do that make them so interesting in regards to hormonal health concerns
they bind to oestrogen receptors
soy isoflavones are believed to have which actions that help combat development of cancer
antioxidant anti proliferative antiangiogenic prolong the menstrual cycle reduce mid-cycle surges of LH/FSH positively alter oestrogen metabolites
which grain has greatest properties of soluble fibre
oats
in heathy person what does ^fibre do to stool weight and colonic transit time
increases both
how are proanthocyanidins in cranberry thought to work in reducing UTIs
by coating/wrapping around bacteria
E coli causes most UTIs
apart from e coli, what other bacteria is cranberry useful in combatting (gastric health)
helicobactor pylori
which flavonoid in apples might be responsible for their benefit in poss lung cancer prevention
quercetin
when choosing foods to support health, do we want to inhibit or increase ph 1 detox in relation to ph 2?
inhibit
do we want to inhibit or induce ph 2 detox?
induce
germination increases or decreases vitamins in quinoa
increases
when sprouting indirect or direct sunlight best
indirect
2 hormone-like substances that play a large role in immune/inflamm reactions ass with food intolerances/allergies
histamines cytokines prostaglandins lymphokines interferons
name a urinary tract condition/symptom related to food intolerance
bed-wetting
nephrotic syndrome
non-bacterial cystitis
chronic bladder infections
which system is most affected by lead toxicity?
name a known effect.
CNS lowered IQ impaired memory impaired reaction time reduced concentration
affect of amphetamines on appetite
reduce
affect of cannabis on appetite
increase
name of bacteria that can grow unchecked and cause colitis in frequent antibiotic use
clostridium difficile
if you had a client with periodontal disease which orthomolecular nutrients would you recommend and why
coQ10.
diseased gum tissues have significantly lower levels of Q10 than healthy
is glucosamine sulphate naturally present in body
no
is N-Acetyl-Clucosamine naturally present in body
yes
How long is the half life of glucosamine sulphate
short
how long is half life of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine
long
what is bioavailability of glucosamine sulphate
high
what is bioavailability of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine
low
how is a nutrient which donates methyl groups likely to decrease risk of CVD
by reducing homocysteine levels
what is property in red wine thought to reduce risk of CVD
resveratrol or betaine anhydrous
