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ASC273 > Practical Feedlot Nutrition > Flashcards

Practical Feedlot Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Describe differnces between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

Describe domestic trade specifications

A
  • Hot Standard Carcass Weight (HSCW) = 160-250kg
  • Fat depth = 6-9mm@P8
  • Feeding period = 60d (heifers), = 70d (steers) up to 90d
  • Entry LW = 220-300kg
  • Entry age = 6-12 months
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2
Q

Describe differences between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

Describe domestic trade DIET specifications

A
  • High ME
  • low cost high ME source (wheat, triticale, barley)
  • **Low cost protein source
  • but may need to consider UDP**
  • In Australia, need cheap, high quality roughage
  • E.g. maize silage (contains grain)
  • avoid high carotene diets
  • Green & yellow coloured plants needed for vitamin A synthesis but taints meat and discolours fat
  • Better to add vitamin A to diet
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3
Q

Describe differences between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

Describe export trade specifications

A
  • HSCW = 280-390kg
  • Fat depth = 16-20mm@P8
  • Sex = steers
  • Feeding period = 120-150d, over 200d
  • Entry LW = 300-500kg
  • Entry age = 16-20 months
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4
Q

Describe differences between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

Describe export trade DIET specifications

A
  • **In Japan, slow growth rate of 1 kg/d over 300-500d
  • up to 75% concentrate
  • cattle fed ad lib**
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5
Q

Describe differences between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

Preparing for feedlot entry

  • what diet should be fed?
  • how much kg ADG is preferable?
A
  • feeding high roughage (forage) diet
  • common to start with 20% concentrate
  • Build up to 40% concentrate
  • typically obtain approximately 1kg ADG
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6
Q

Describe differences between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

What do introductory feedlot diets aim to achieve?
What % concentrate and what % roughage should be fed?

A
  • Aims to adjust rumen to high grain
  • introduce to cereal grain over 3 weeks
  • lupins can be used to improve daily gain in introductory phase
  • expect low consumption in the first week
  • Common to start with 20% concentrate
  • can start with 50% for young cattle
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7
Q

Describe differences between domestic and export market specifications and suitable diets to achieve these

What do feedlot finishing diets consist of?

A
  • feeding cattle to an endpoint suitable for slaughter
  • feed a high concentrate ration to increase ration energy density
  • increases rate of gain, decreases cost of gain
  • promotes fattening to achieve desired quality grade
  • *-typical finishing ration is
  • 90-95% concentrate, 5-10% roughage**
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8
Q

List ways in which protein deposition can be altered

How can you control growth through nutrition?

A
  • Repartitioning agents
  • Sex hormones/analogues
  • Growth hormones (GH)
  • Growth promoting medications (Bacitracin (BMD))
  • agonists (Ractopamine & ZH) Muscle promotants
  • MGA - melengestrol acetate
  • Progestogen-like compound that inhibits oestrus in heifers
  • Promote muscle growth
  • Quiet cattle gain more rapidly and efficiently
  • For lean production, protein supply must be in balance with energy
  • Compensatory growth effects
  • Nutritional phasing
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9
Q

Nutrients

Energy?

A

maximised to provide as much as NEg as possible

-11 + MJME/kg DM

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10
Q

Nutrients

Protein?

A

typically fed at 12-14% of ration DM

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11
Q

Nutrients

Minerals?

A
  • Ca is usually deficient in typical feedstuffs
  • Added at 1% diet
  • Grains are high in phosphorus but low in calcium (Ca:P ratio)
  • Sulphur sometimes added (microbes)
  • Trace minerals are usually mixed in ration
  • Zinc & cobalt
  • Salt is usually mixed in ration at 0.2% of diet (Sodium)
  • Urea at 1% of diet (N source)
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12
Q

Nutrients

Vitamins?

A
  • Only major concern is Vit. A, maybe D
  • vit. E
  • thiamin
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13
Q

Feedstuffs

Energy concentrates?

A
  • Cereal grains
  • Fat (no more than 7%)

• By products
-E.g. oilseed meal, cotton seed meal

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14
Q

Feedstuffs

Protein concentrates?

A
  • Oilseed meals
  • NPN

• By products
-E.g. Distillers and brewers grains

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15
Q

Roughages

?

A
  • Corn or sorghum silage
  • additional benefit: contains additional grain
  • Lucerne hay
  • additional benefit: contains protein
  • Grass hay
  • Straw
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16
Q

What roughage types should be fed on high grain (90%) diets?

A
  • Coarse roughage preferred
  • Often low quality
  • Aims to maintain rumen function
  • Keep rumen fill (avoid acidosis and ulcers)
17
Q

What roughage types should be fed on low grain (<50%) diets?

A

• Quality critical (e.g. maize silage)

18
Q

Describe common grain processing methods

Describe particle size reduction?

A
  • grinding
  • dry rolling

• Aim is to increase starch access

• Can be soaked prior (tempering)

19
Q

Describe common grain processing methods

Describe heat processes?

A

roasting, popping, micronising

20
Q

Describe common grain processing methods

Describe moisture processes?

A

High-moisture grain

  • Harvested early and ensiled (silage)
  • Steam rolling and flaking
  • Extrusion
  • Exploding
  • Feed in high tensile containers subjected to high pressure steam
  • Gelatinisation
  • Breaks down starch structure
  • dissolve in water
  • increase digestion
21
Q

Describe the major health issues related to nutrition in feedlots and how these can be minimised

What are the issues with feeding starch to a ruminant?

A
  • pH drops as starch intake increases
  • eat too much, pH falls quickly (<5.6)
  • creates unstable intake pattern
  • goal of nutritional management is to stabilise intake
  • challenge is stable intake for individuals when managing pens
22
Q

Describe the major health issues related to nutrition in feedlots and how these can be minimised

Feeding starch: Nutritional management

how can we adapt cattle to a high starch diet?

A
  • Start at 50-55% grain
  • Increase grain by 10% every 5 days
  • Takes about 20 days to get to 90-95% grain
23
Q

Describe the major health issues related to nutrition in feedlots and how these can be minimised

Feeding starch: Nutritional management

What are the goals of bunk management?

A

Goals:

  1. Consistent intake and pattern of intake
  2. Eliminate acidosis
  3. Manage gain and feed efficiency
24
Q

Describe the major health issues related to nutrition in feedlots and how these can be minimised

Feeding starch: Nutritional management

What are the challenges of bunk management?

A
    1. How much are they willing to eat?
    1. How much remains from last delivery?
    1. How much do you change amount each day?
    1. What is their feeding behaviour?
25
Q

Describe the major health issues related to nutrition in feedlots and how these can be minimised

Feeding starch: Nutritional management

What are the responsibilities of the employee managing a bunk?

A
    1. correctly mix ration
    1. deliver correct amount
    1. deliver at the same time each day
    1. distribute evenly in the bunk
26
Q

What are the two systems of bunk management?

A
  • continuous feed
  • clean bunk
27
Q

Describe continous feed bunk management

A
  • Always feed in the bunk
  • Theoretically no limit on performance
  • Less control – harder to manage
  • Feed waste needs to be managed
  • Big responsibility on bunk reader
28
Q

Describe clean bunk management

A

Empty bunk at same time each day

  • Goal is to maintain or increase consumption
  • Controls intake better
  • Reduces feed waste
  • Less responsibility for bunk reader
29
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

What are ionophores?

A
  • Selective antibiotics that alter rumen microbial populations and thus fermentation patterns
  • Select against grampositive bacteria and protozoa
30
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

What are ionophores used for?

A
  • Increases energetic efficiency by changing VFA profile to greater propionate:acetate ratio and reducing methane
  • More propionate for glucose production
  • Improves feed efficiency by increasing ADG and/or decreasing feed intake
  • Protein sparing effect
  • Less protein degradation by microbes, more feed protein available to ruminant (bypass)
  • Control nutritional disorders including coccidiosis, acidosis, and bloat
31
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

Name some examples of ionophores?

A

Rumensin (sodium monensin)

Bovatec

32
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

What are feed-grade antibiotics used for?

A
  • reduce incidence of subclinical bacterial infections
  • digestive and respiratory tracts
  • stimulate appetite
  • These 2 effects are particularly valuable in diets for newly received calves
  • nutrient sparing effects
  • control acidosis when feeding high levels of grain
33
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

What are some examples of feed-grade antibiotics?

A

Virginiamycin (Eskalin)

  • Highly regulated
  • Only issued under tight veterinary directive
  • Section 4 drug
  • Used for set periods of time in set quantities
34
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

A
  • Ionophores
  • Feed-grade antibiotics
  • Buffers
  • Probiotics or Direct Fed Microbials (DFM)
  • Antifungals (eg propionic acid)
  • Antioxidants (eg ethoxyquin)
  • Pellet binders (eg bentonites)
  • Feed flavours?
35
Q

Describe the various additives that can be included in feedlot diets

What are buffers used for?

A
  • control rumen pH to reduce acidosis on high grain rations
  • very common in dairy rations, infrequently used in feedlot rations Eg. Sodium bicarbonate

ASC273 (30 decks)

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