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ASC273 > FSE Revision > Flashcards

FSE Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Macrominerals

List the macrominerals

A
  • Ca
  • P
  • K
  • Na
  • Mg
  • Cl
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2
Q

Macrominerals

What are macrominerals?

-describe

A

Required in large amounts
• Accumulation can be toxic

• Storage variable
- Some good e.g. Ca
– Bone  Some poor e.g. Mg
– intracellular fluid of cells

• Multiple functions
-Enzymatic

  • Fertility – e.g. P
  • Development – e.g. Ca
  • Transport – e.g. Na, K & Cl  More
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3
Q

Macrominerals

How do deficiencies occur?

A

Insufficient mineral in diet

  • Low absorption - Bioactivity
  • Mineral interaction
  • Form unabsorbable compounds - Compete for transport systems (facilitated transport)

• Feed composition tables don’t give availability

  • P often as phytic acid requiring phytases to access  Mg oxalate less absorbable than Mg sulfate
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4
Q

Macrominerals

What is Ca needed for?

A

Essential for bone & teeth development

  • Enzyme systems
  • Nerve & muscle function
  • Blood clotting

• Heavily regulated in the blood (homeostasis - ~80 to 120 mg/L)
- Hormonal regulation

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Vitamin D (feed small, sunlight high)
  • Regulate Ca intake and reabsorption from bones

• P binds Ca

  • Reduce Ca absorption
  • Ca to P ratio between 1:1 and 2:1
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5
Q

Vitamin D

  • what is it needed for?
  • where is it found?
A

Found in cut forages - hay

 Exposure to UV light

 Two forms – D2 and D3

 Stimulated production by PTH to increase mobilisation of Ca from bones & absorption from intestines

 Deficient animals usually housed indoors and little forage fed

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6
Q

Describe diseases that result due to Ca deficiency

A

Young, growing animals – Rickets & Developmental Orthopaedic Disease

 Older animals - Osteoporosis

 Early lactating animals – e.g. Dairy cow (Hypocalcaemia - milk fever)

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7
Q

Macrominerals

What is Mg needed for?

A

Required for enzyme function, nerve & muscle function, protein synthesis, blood glucose control, energy production, etc.

  • Poorly stored
  • Very small quantities within the interstitial fluid of the cells
  • Low blood concentration
  •  Heavily regulated
  • 0.2 to 0.4% Mg needed in diet
  • Mg poorly absorbed
  • High dietary K can reduce plasma concentration of Mg
  •  Decrease absorption from SI

• Hypomagnesaemia reduces blood Ca concentrations
-  Can cause milk fever

  •  Less able to mobilise Ca from bones
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8
Q

Macrominerals

What is Hypomagnesaemia?

What are the clinical signs?

A

 Grass tetany

 Common in ruminants, not horses

 Late winter-early spring (low Mg in feed)

• Clinical signs

 Nervousness

 Muscle tremor

 Excessive sweating

 Rapid breathing

 Convulsions

 Loss of appetite

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9
Q

Macrominerals

Mg availability affected by?

A

 Low content in feed

 Lower availability in fresh feed to conserved feeds

 High K

 High rumen ammonia

 Genetics

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10
Q

Macrominerals

Feed sources of Mg?

A

 Legumes

 Wheat bran

 Mg blocks

 Oral doses & MgCl2 in drinking water

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11
Q

Macrominerals

What is P needed for?

A

Bone development

  • Nucleic acids, phospholipids, phosphoproteins
  • Energy metabolism (ATP)
  • Buffers
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12
Q

Macrominerals

Sources of P?

A

Milk

 Cereal grains

 Hay & straw low

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13
Q

Macrominerals

Signs of P deficiency?

A

Bone disorders like low Ca

 Lameness

 Low fertility

 Poor growth

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14
Q

Trace minerals

List the trace minerals

A

Cu

  • I
  • Se
  • Fe
  • Zn
  • Co
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15
Q

Worst issue relating to trace minerals?

A

toxic accumulation

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16
Q

Trace minerals

Roles of Cu (copper)?

What are the copper antagonsist?

A

Many roles

 Enzymes

 Blood formation

 Etc.

  • Absorption low in ruminants, reasonable in horses
  • Antagonists  Mo  S  Fe  Zn
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17
Q

Trace Minerals

Cu deficiency disorders?

A

Anaemia

 Bone disorders

 Cardiovascular disorders

 Depigmentations

 Infertility

 Growth retardation

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18
Q

Trace Minerals

What is I (iodine) needed for?

A

Thyroid hormones

  • Metabolism
  • Foetal development
  • Immune system
  • Digestion
  • Muscle function
  • Require ~0.5ppm in feed
  • Required daily to avoid goitre
  • Goitrogenic plants increase deficiency
  • Easily treated
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19
Q

TRace minerals

What is selenium needed for?

A

Protects body tissue from oxidation

  • Helps prevent oxidative degeneration of fats
  • Converts T4 to active T3 (thyroid hormones)
  • Maintains immune function
  • Absorption variable but low in ruminants
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20
Q

TRace minerals

signs of selenium deficiency?

A

 Ill thrift

 Low lamb survival and weights

 Low wool production

 White muscle disease

 High embryo mortality

 Retained placenta

 Reduced semen viability

 Reduced immune response

 Yellow fat disease

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21
Q

How does Vitamin E assist Selenium?

A

Prevents PUFA peroxidation

 Enhances immune system

 Helps Se stay in active form

 Prevents Se loss

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22
Q

TRace minerals

sources of selenium?

A

Most forages adequate unless in Se deficient soils

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23
Q

trace minerals

Treatment of Se deficiency?

A

Se injections & drenches

 Se lick blocks

 Se bullets

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24
Q

Vitamins

list the fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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25
Q

Vitamins

List the water soluble vitamins

A

B complexes

C

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26
Q

How are vitamins destroyed>?

A

By oxidation

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27
Q

What is Vit A needed for?

What is it created from?

A

None in plants

 Created from B-carotene (part of photosynthesis)

 Vision

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28
Q

Sources of vitamin a?

A

Green forage & yellow grain high

 Cereal grain low

 B-carotene causes yellowing of fat & distinct taste

 Excess toxic

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29
Q

What is vit D needed for?

Who is at risk of deficiency?

A

 Used with Ca for calcium homeostasis

 UV light & dried forage

 Deficient in indoor housed animals

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30
Q

What is Vit K needed for?

Signs of deficiency?

Sources?

A

 Required for blood clotting

 Poorly stored

 Deficiency can lead to haemorrhaging

 Sources  Microbes  Green leafy forage

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31
Q

What is Vit E needed for?

Sources?

A

Stored in liver

 An antioxidant for fat metabolism

 Immune function

 Wound repair

 High doses toxic (accumulate in fat)

 Sources  Wheat germ  Oil seeds & by-products

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32
Q

What are Vit B complexes needed for?

A

 Many different roles

 Not stored in large amounts

 Produced by microbes

 Aid in carbohydrate metabolism

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33
Q

Signs of Vit B deficiency?

A

Inappetite

 Anorexia

 Muscle weakness

 Poor growth

 Dermatitis

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34
Q

Sources of Vit B?

A

Green leaf, cereal grain & yeast

 Microbial synthesis

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35
Q

What is Vit C needed for?

Deficiency causes…. what disease?

A

Antioxidant

 Electron transport

 Collagen & noradrenalin synthesis

  • Synthesise in liver from glucose
  • Deficiency - Scurvy
36
Q

Draw the energy partitioning flow chart

A
37
Q

What is heat increment?

A

Food ingested produces heat

• The increase in heat produced as a result of the energy in the feed is the heat increment

38
Q

What causes heat increment?

A

Eating

 Microbial metabolism (7 to 8% of ME intake)

 Nutrient metabolism

 Facilitated transport across luminal wall

39
Q

ME Utilisation

what happens in -ve energy retention?

A

Animal loses body reserves

40
Q

ME Utilisation

what occurs when energy retention is zero>?

A

 ME intake sufficient to meet maintenance

 No change in animal and no production

41
Q

ME Utilisation

what occurs with +ve energy retention?

A

ME intake meeting maintenance and production

42
Q

ME Utilisation

What is a k value?

A

Efficiency of animal to utilise its energy reserves to perform desired function

43
Q

ME Utilisation

Efficiency for maintenance usually around…?

A

0.7 (70%)

44
Q

ME Utilisation

Efficiency for growth in ruminants usually about…?

A

0.5 to 0.6

45
Q

Metabolism

Where is protein stored?

A

– stored in large quantities (muscle) and used as a vital energy source when needed

46
Q

Metabolism

What type of energy store is fat?

A

– large energy store that can be mobilised when needed

47
Q

Metabolism

how is energy stored?

A

needed in a hurry so stored as carbs (glycogen)

48
Q

Metabolism

Name the two energy molecules

A

 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

 Creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine)

49
Q

Fates of glucose

List the 4 different fates of glucose

A
  1. Aerobic metabolism
  2. Anaerobic metabolism (fast-twitch muscle energy)
  3. Glycogen synthesis
  4. Fat synthesis
50
Q

Fates of glucose

what happens to glucose in aerobic metabolism?

A

Aerobic metabolism (normal metabolism – slow-twitch)  Oxygen available

 Glycolysis

 Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A  Enter TCA cycle

 38 ATP produced

51
Q

Fates of glucose

What happens to glucose in anaerobic metabolism?

A
  1. Anaerobic metabolism (fast-twitch muscle energy)

 Oxygen limited

 Conversion of pyruvate to Lactic acid

 2 ATP produced

 Lactic acid returns to liver to be converted into pyruvate

52
Q

Fates of glucose

what happens to glucose during glycogen synthesis?

A
  1. Glycogen synthesis

 Short-term energy store

 Excess glucose stored in the muscle for use later

 Glucose homeostasis

53
Q

Fates of glucose

what happens to glucose during fat synthesis?

A
  1. Fat synthesis

 Long-term energy store

 Excess glucose stored as fat (triglycerides)

 Through the Pentose Phosphate pathway

54
Q

Lipid metabolism

list the 3 diff. fates of FA?

A

Partial breakdown (Catabolism)

Complete breakdown (Catabolism)

Storage as fat (Anabolism)

• Lipid metabolism much more efficient that protein metabolism

55
Q

Lipid metablism

describe partial breakdown of lipids

A

Partial breakdown (Catabolism)

 Converted to NEFAs – transported to liver

 Some used for glucose synthesis

 Balance converted back to fat

 High plasma concentration of FFA toxic - Ketosis

56
Q

Lipid metabolism

describe complete breakdown of lipids

A

Complete breakdown (Catabolism)

 Converted to Acetyl Co A

 Enter TCA cycle to produce energy metabolism

57
Q

Lipid metabolism

describe storage of lipids as fats

A
  1. Storage as fat (Anabolism)

 Combined with a glycerol backbone to be stored as triglycerides

58
Q

Protein metabolism

3 fates of protein?

A
  1. Synthesise new proteins
  2. Deamination and further metabolism to provide energy

 Amino group removed to form keto acid  Keto acid converted to glucose

 Process is very inefficient

  1. Excretion
59
Q

What is unqiue about ruminants in relation to glucose metabolism?

A
  • Very little absorption of glucose from the rumen
  • All glucose for ruminants originates from gluconeogenesis

 Propionate (VFA) transported to liver

 Converted into succinate (TCA cycle)

 Can be converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis

  • Fatty acids synthesised from acetate and butyrate  B-hydroxybutyrate
  • Milk fat synthesised from acetate and ketone bodies

 Not glucose

60
Q

What % of body weight if VFI?

What is VFI controlled by?

A

Intake usually ~ 2 to 3% of bodyweight

• Controlled by CNS & short and long term regulatory mechanisms

61
Q

Describe regulation of VFI and factors affecting VFI

A

• Short term regulation

 Hunger v satiety

 Glucose & insulin levels in plasma

 Cholecystokinin released when digestive products reach duodenum

 Enlargement of stomach

• Long term regulation

 Adipose tissue (leptin)

• Other factors  Palatability  Physiology  Nutrient deficiencies  Choice feeding (nutritional wisdom)  Neophobia

62
Q

List the constraints to ruminant VFI

A
  1. Capacity to use energy
  2. Feed physical properties
  3. Environmental factors
  4. Behavioural
63
Q

Describe the capacity to use energy as a constraint on ruminant VFI?

A
  1. Capacity to use energy

 Energy demand

 Physiological state

 Parturition & lactation

 Number of offspring

 Genetics

64
Q

Describe feed physical properties as a constraint to ruminant VFI

A
  1. Feed physical properties

 Rumen constraints  Less than 8% of fibre in the rumen is digested each hour

 Intake negatively related to rumen digesta retention rate

 Large particle size increases retention rate

 More chewing and rumination required

 Higher digestibility means lower retention time = higher VFI

 Fibrous v WSC

 Nutrient deficiency in the rumen

 Low N & S = low microbial efficiency  Mineral deficiencies can reduce VFI

 DM% of feed

 Palatability

65
Q

Describe environmental factors as a constraint to ruminant VFI

A
  1. Environmental factors

• Temperature

 Cold increases VFI to increase metabolic heat production

 Heat decreases VFI to reduce metabolic heat production

 Thermal neutral zone

 Photoperiod – Daylength

 Distance to water

 Chose between eating and walking to get a drink

66
Q

Describe behaviour as a constraint to ruminant VFI

A
  1. Behavioural

 Neophobia

 Fear of anything new

 Feed aversion

 Bad experience

67
Q

Energy Systems

To formulate a diet the most important thing we need to know is?

Why is this?

A
  • energy content in feed and energy requirement of animal
  • Animal usual show a continuous response to increase in energy
  • First maintenance then production
68
Q

Energy Systems

Describe Australian Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA) energy system

A
  •  Based on British system
  •  Includes modifications for grazing (MEGraze) and temperature (Ecold)
  •  Includes efficiency for wool growth (kwool)
  •  10% of ME for production added to maintenance
69
Q

Energy Systems

Energy requirements are maintenance plus…?

(possible production outcomes)

A
  • Growth
  •  Lactation
  •  Pregnancy
  •  Work
  •  Pelage growth
70
Q

Energy Systems

What is basal/fasting metabolism?

A

is the energy expended (heat) for a fasting animal with no activity

71
Q

Energy Systems

What is metabolic weight?

How do we determine it?

A

is the relationship between fasting metabolism and body weight

= weight to the power of 0.75

72
Q

Energy Systems

Energy requirements are effected by?

A
  • Age (for growth and maintenance)
  • young animals lay down more muscle than fat
  • less energy/kg liveweight gain
  • Older animal have greater energy storage / kg BW (FAT!!!)
  • Environment
  • Production state (eg lactation)
73
Q

Protein Systems

Not all faecal protein dietary in origin.

What are other sources?

A
  •  saliva N
  •  bile N
  •  gastric secretion N
  •  pancreatic secretion N
  •  sloughed gut mucous membrane cells
  •  bacterial N
74
Q

Protein Systems

Which diets have a high biological value?

A

diets w/ a high variety of amino acids

75
Q

Protein Systems

Lack of agreement between in vitro and in vivo analysis of protein quality due to?

A
  • Small changes in 1 or more AA concentrations alter requirements for other AA
  •  Antagonism between AA
  •  Presence of anti-nutritive factors which lower absorption or utilisation of AA
  •  Animals respond better if N supplied as both essential & non-essential AA combined
76
Q

Protein Systems

Protein quality for horses?

A
  • Dietary CP commonly used but inappropriate
  • Horse mostly digest protein in SI
  • MCP produced in large intestine not absorbed = excreted
  • A better method of calculation is the available protein
  •  CP less NPN (as protein) - Acid Detergent Insoluble N (as protein)
  •  ADIN = bound protein unavailable for digestion & absoption
77
Q

Protein Systems

How is most protein provided to ruminants?

A

Microbes!!!!

78
Q

Protein Systems

To formulate a diet for ruminants, need to know…?

A
  • Protein degradability
  •  MCP yield
  •  Digestion in SI of protein
  •  Efficiency of absorbed AA
79
Q

Protein Systems

In ruminants, what effects protein degradability?

A

• Digesta rate of passage affects degradability

 Smaller particles travel faster than larger ones

 Flow rate increases when  Pregnant  Lactation increases

 VFI reduces

 Temperature

80
Q

Protein Systems

Ruminant microbial yield affected by?

A
  • Level of fibre
  •  Rumen pH
  •  N availability
81
Q

Protein Systems

Ruminants need sufficient ME for microbial synthesis, otherwise ….. results?

A

 Insufficient ME results in AA degraded to ammonia and lost as urine

82
Q

Protein Systems

How much MCP leaves rumen and how much of that is digested?

What is the digestibility of UDP?

A
  • About 80% of MCP leaves rumen
  • and about 70% is digested
  • Undegraded protein (UDP; by-pass protein) digestibility varies but ~70%
83
Q

Protein Systems

Look at lecture 27 Prac Beef Feedlot Nutrition (if you have time)

A

:)

84
Q

Dairy Cow Feeding Example

Housed 5 yr old 600kg cow producing 30kg milk/d (36g/kg butter fat) not pregnant and offered a diet of 11MJ/kg DM (M/D)

-determine energy requirements

A
  • Need to consider:
  • Km
  • KL
  • EVL
  • MEL (MEP in this case)
  • MEm
  • Total Requirement
  • DMI
85
Q

Dairy Cow Feeding Example

600kg cow, 30L milk/day (32g/L protein) eating 21kg (231 MJ ME)

-Determine protein requirement

A
  • Consider:
  • Net protein
  • endogenous protein losses (EPL)
  • EUP
  • EFP
  • Dermal
  • Milk
  • Metabolisable protein requirement
  • RDP
  • Metabolisable MCP supplied
  • Metabolisable UDP requirement
  • Dietary UDP
  • CP
  • CP in diet

ASC273 (30 decks)

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