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1
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared, special, or derived character state, homologous trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor by not in earlier common ancestor

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2
Q

What was the objective of the Bioblitz

A

to explore the major categories of organisms to be studied over the next two semesters

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3
Q

What is a bioblitz

A

the assemblage of experts in the identification of different groups of organisms who document EVERY LIVING THING within a SPECIFIED AREA over a given period of time, USUALLY 24 HOURS

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4
Q

Where did we conduct the bioblitz

A

Rand tract, a 97 acre “natural area” in the city of Syracuse

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5
Q

Objectives of Lab 2

A
  • Construct and use dichotomous key
  • Compare the 3 types of biodiversity
  • Construct and analyze a cladogram
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6
Q

Character

A

a recognizable feature of an organism

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7
Q

Character State

A

a discrete manifestation of a character, potentially a phylogenetic marker

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8
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

a tool used to identify organisms using a series of paired choices or couplets

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9
Q

In a dichotomous key, each _____ compares different ________ of the same _______

A

Couplet / character states / character

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10
Q

Species Richness

A

The number of species in the area

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11
Q

Species Evenness

A

How abundant each species is relative to the total number

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12
Q

Genetic Diversity is responsible for ______

A

variation between individuals, populations and species

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13
Q

_______ is the raw material for evolution

A

Genetic diversity

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14
Q

Ecosystem diversity is determined by ______ `

A

the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the area

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15
Q

Definition of Genetic Diversity

A

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

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16
Q

Spatially

A

assemblage of species differs across the landscape

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17
Q

Temporally

A

assemblages of species change in short and long periods of time over geologic time

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18
Q

Ephemeral character

A

a short-lived, or fleeting character

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19
Q

The shannon-wiener index is more sensitive to _______

A

species evenness

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20
Q

Diversity ______ as both species richness and evenness increases

A

increases

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21
Q

Realistic diversity index values range from _____

A

0 - 4.5

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22
Q

Most real estimates range from ______

A

1.5-3.5

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23
Q

The less stable the environment, the _____ the H value

A

lower

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24
Q

Objectives of lab 3 (viruses

A
  • Recognize various symptoms associated with viral colonization/infection in plants
  • Appreciate effects of synergism
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25
Data matrix
a 2D tabular representation of data in which data are organized in rows and columns
26
Viruses are made up of ____ or ____, surrounded by a ______ and often a _____ that ______ survive without a ____. This makes them ___ ____ ____
``` DNA or RNA Protein coat lipid envelope CANNOT Host Obligate intracellular parasites ```
27
Vertical Transmission
occurs between parent and offspring
28
Horizontal Transmission
between individuals in a population
29
What are the most abundant organisms on earth
Virons
30
Proof that viruses are life
the posses genes and evolve via natural selection
31
Proof that viruses are not life
they do not have cellular structure or metabolism
32
What was the very first discovered and described plant virus
Tomato mosaic virus
33
Tomato Mosaic Virus
bud break and root biomass in red spruce and results in heigh reduction
34
Cucumber mosaic virus is the most
debilitating
35
Potato virus Y
second most important in NYS, colonizes tobacco, tomato, and peppers
36
Potato virus X
has a 5% reduction in yield
37
How to name viruses
1) name of the host in which it was first isolated 2) Symptom expression 3) word virus
38
Objective of Lab 4 (Fungal field trip)
- name features typically used in mushroom identification | - become familiar with vocal specific to mushroom features and identification
39
Heterotroph
cannot manufacture organic compounds so must feed on organic materials that have originated in other plants and animals
40
Hymenium (reproductive layer)
a membrane, the layer of asci on an ascot, or of basidia of a basidoma, together with any associated sterile hyphae
41
Mycelium
a mass of hyphae, often hidden in substrate which forms the body
42
______ fungi represent the largest group of macroscopic fungi
Gilled
43
Lab 5 objectives (basidiomycota)
- Know the synapomorphy | - Distiinguish morphological features of a typical basidiomycete
44
Synapomorphy of Basidiomycota
Basidiocarp with 4 spores per basidium
45
Spore producing surface =
hymenium
46
Basidiomycota spore dispersal
Uses a ballistically propelled spore called a balistospore | Discharged from sterigma when Hilar Droplet fuses with a film of liquid on the surface of the ballistospore
47
Basidiomycota spore dispersal MECHANISM
surface tension catapult
48
Example of basidiomycete that doesn't have dolipore septa
Rusts and Smuts
49
Synapomorphy of ascomycota
ascospores produced within an ascus
50
Rusts are
heteroecious and need two hosts | Sexual on one and asexual on the other
51
3 spore types of zygomycetes
Macrocyclic Microcyclic Demicyclic
52
Macrocyclic
all five stages
53
Microcylic
Teliospores and Basidiospores
54
Demicyclic
Lack only urediniospore stage
55
Autoecious
requires a single host
56
Spermatia
analogous to male gametophyte (produced by germinating basidiospore)
57
Aceiospore
Produced in chains, infect telial host
58
Uredinospores
Amplify the infection
59
Teliospores
Thick walled, persist through winter, Karyogamy and meiosis occur
60
Basidia and Basidiospores
infects the aecial host
61
Viral Synergism
the production of symptoms in a host infected by 2 or more viruses that are more sever than either of the viruses would produce alone in the host
62
adaptation
inherited or behavioral characteristics of an organism that enhance survival and/or reproduction
63
white rotters and brown rotters decompose
cellulose
64
Mycorrhizal fungi rely on which adaptation
Arbuscules
65
What provides a protective cover over the hymenial layer during basidiocarp development
Cortina and Partial veil
66
Conk
basidiocarp of a wood decaying fungus, usually a polypore
67
Partial Veil
a layer of fungal tissue that covers and protects developing gills
68
Peridium
protective layer that encloses the mass of spores within puffballs
69
Ring
remnants of the partial veil that remain attached to the stalk
70
Saprobe
an organism that lives off of dead or decaying matter
71
Sexual reproduction in zygomycetes
requires the fusion of two specialized hyphae called gametangia
72
Where sexual fusion takes place in zygomycetes
zygosporangium
73
Asexual reproduction in zygomycetes
occurs when specialized hyphae produce nonmotile sporangiospores within a sporangium

Diversity of Life (15 decks)

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