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Diversity of Life > Practical > Flashcards

Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared, special, or derived character state, homologous trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor by not in earlier common ancestor

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2
Q

What was the objective of the Bioblitz

A

to explore the major categories of organisms to be studied over the next two semesters

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3
Q

What is a bioblitz

A

the assemblage of experts in the identification of different groups of organisms who document EVERY LIVING THING within a SPECIFIED AREA over a given period of time, USUALLY 24 HOURS

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4
Q

Where did we conduct the bioblitz

A

Rand tract, a 97 acre “natural area” in the city of Syracuse

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5
Q

Objectives of Lab 2

A
  • Construct and use dichotomous key
  • Compare the 3 types of biodiversity
  • Construct and analyze a cladogram
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6
Q

Character

A

a recognizable feature of an organism

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7
Q

Character State

A

a discrete manifestation of a character, potentially a phylogenetic marker

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8
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

a tool used to identify organisms using a series of paired choices or couplets

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9
Q

In a dichotomous key, each _____ compares different ________ of the same _______

A

Couplet / character states / character

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10
Q

Species Richness

A

The number of species in the area

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11
Q

Species Evenness

A

How abundant each species is relative to the total number

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12
Q

Genetic Diversity is responsible for ______

A

variation between individuals, populations and species

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13
Q

_______ is the raw material for evolution

A

Genetic diversity

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14
Q

Ecosystem diversity is determined by ______ `

A

the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the area

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15
Q

Definition of Genetic Diversity

A

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

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16
Q

Spatially

A

assemblage of species differs across the landscape

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17
Q

Temporally

A

assemblages of species change in short and long periods of time over geologic time

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18
Q

Ephemeral character

A

a short-lived, or fleeting character

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19
Q

The shannon-wiener index is more sensitive to _______

A

species evenness

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20
Q

Diversity ______ as both species richness and evenness increases

A

increases

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21
Q

Realistic diversity index values range from _____

A

0 - 4.5

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22
Q

Most real estimates range from ______

A

1.5-3.5

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23
Q

The less stable the environment, the _____ the H value

A

lower

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24
Q

Objectives of lab 3 (viruses

A
  • Recognize various symptoms associated with viral colonization/infection in plants
  • Appreciate effects of synergism
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25
Q

Data matrix

A

a 2D tabular representation of data in which data are organized in rows and columns

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26
Q

Viruses are made up of ____ or ____, surrounded by a ______ and often a _____ that ______ survive without a ____. This makes them ___ ____ ____

A 
DNA or RNA
Protein coat
lipid envelope
CANNOT
Host 
Obligate intracellular parasites
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27
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

occurs between parent and offspring

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28
Q

Horizontal Transmission

A

between individuals in a population

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29
Q

What are the most abundant organisms on earth

A

Virons

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30
Q

Proof that viruses are life

A

the posses genes and evolve via natural selection

31
Q

Proof that viruses are not life

A

they do not have cellular structure or metabolism

32
Q

What was the very first discovered and described plant virus

A

Tomato mosaic virus

33
Q

Tomato Mosaic Virus

A

bud break and root biomass in red spruce and results in heigh reduction

34
Q

Cucumber mosaic virus is the most

A

debilitating

35
Q

Potato virus Y

A

second most important in NYS, colonizes tobacco, tomato, and peppers

36
Q

Potato virus X

A

has a 5% reduction in yield

37
Q

How to name viruses

A

1) name of the host in which it was first isolated
2) Symptom expression
3) word virus

38
Q

Objective of Lab 4 (Fungal field trip)

A
  • name features typically used in mushroom identification

- become familiar with vocal specific to mushroom features and identification

39
Q

Heterotroph

A

cannot manufacture organic compounds so must feed on organic materials that have originated in other plants and animals

40
Q

Hymenium (reproductive layer)

A

a membrane, the layer of asci on an ascot, or of basidia of a basidoma, together with any associated sterile hyphae

41
Q

Mycelium

A

a mass of hyphae, often hidden in substrate which forms the body

42
Q

______ fungi represent the largest group of macroscopic fungi

A

Gilled

43
Q

Lab 5 objectives (basidiomycota)

A
  • Know the synapomorphy

- Distiinguish morphological features of a typical basidiomycete

44
Q

Synapomorphy of Basidiomycota

A

Basidiocarp with 4 spores per basidium

45
Q

Spore producing surface =

A

hymenium

46
Q

Basidiomycota spore dispersal

A

Uses a ballistically propelled spore called a balistospore

Discharged from sterigma when Hilar Droplet fuses with a film of liquid on the surface of the ballistospore

47
Q

Basidiomycota spore dispersal MECHANISM

A

surface tension catapult

48
Q

Example of basidiomycete that doesn’t have dolipore septa

A

Rusts and Smuts

49
Q

Synapomorphy of ascomycota

A

ascospores produced within an ascus

50
Q

Rusts are

A

heteroecious and need two hosts

Sexual on one and asexual on the other

51
Q

3 spore types of zygomycetes

A

Macrocyclic
Microcyclic
Demicyclic

52
Q

Macrocyclic

A

all five stages

53
Q

Microcylic

A

Teliospores and Basidiospores

54
Q

Demicyclic

A

Lack only urediniospore stage

55
Q

Autoecious

A

requires a single host

56
Q

Spermatia

A

analogous to male gametophyte (produced by germinating basidiospore)

57
Q

Aceiospore

A

Produced in chains, infect telial host

58
Q

Uredinospores

A

Amplify the infection

59
Q

Teliospores

A

Thick walled, persist through winter, Karyogamy and meiosis occur

60
Q

Basidia and Basidiospores

A

infects the aecial host

61
Q

Viral Synergism

A

the production of symptoms in a host infected by 2 or more viruses that are more sever than either of the viruses would produce alone in the host

62
Q

adaptation

A

inherited or behavioral characteristics of an organism that enhance survival and/or reproduction

63
Q

white rotters and brown rotters decompose

A

cellulose

64
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi rely on which adaptation

A

Arbuscules

65
Q

What provides a protective cover over the hymenial layer during basidiocarp development

A

Cortina and Partial veil

66
Q

Conk

A

basidiocarp of a wood decaying fungus, usually a polypore

67
Q

Partial Veil

A

a layer of fungal tissue that covers and protects developing gills

68
Q

Peridium

A

protective layer that encloses the mass of spores within puffballs

69
Q

Ring

A

remnants of the partial veil that remain attached to the stalk

70
Q

Saprobe

A

an organism that lives off of dead or decaying matter

71
Q

Sexual reproduction in zygomycetes

A

requires the fusion of two specialized hyphae called gametangia

72
Q

Where sexual fusion takes place in zygomycetes

A

zygosporangium

73
Q

Asexual reproduction in zygomycetes

A

occurs when specialized hyphae produce nonmotile sporangiospores within a sporangium

Diversity of Life (15 decks)

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