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Diversity of Life > Exam 3 COPY > Flashcards

Exam 3 COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Microphyll

A

-1 strand of vascular tissue

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2
Q

Megaphyll

A

-more than 1 strand of vascular tissue

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3
Q

What are the 2 major phyla of seed plants

A
  • Gymnosperms

- Angiosperms

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4
Q

What are the 2 major phyla of seedless vascular plants

A
  • Lycophytes

- Monilophytes

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5
Q

Lycopodiophyta contain the:

A

club mosses

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6
Q

When did lycopodiophyta first arise

A

Devonian (410 mya)

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7
Q

when was the dominance of lycopodiophyta

A

Carboniferous (360 may)

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8
Q

Lycopodiophyta is characterized by:

A

dominant and complex sporophyte generation

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9
Q

Two different forms of Lycopodiophyta

A
  • Arborescent

- Herbaceous

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10
Q

Arborescent lycopodiophyta:

A
  • Tree like
  • Branches on top
  • All are extinct due to Permian Extinction
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11
Q

Herbaceous Lycopodiophyta:

A
  • 1200 spp
  • Found in tropics
  • 12 local species
  • morphologically conserved
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12
Q

Homospory

A

one type of spore (forms gametophyte)

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13
Q

Heterospory

A

2 types of spores

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14
Q

How do we distinguish from the two groups of lycopodiophyta?

A

Using chloroplast DNA

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15
Q

Lycopodiophyta is Heterosporous/homosporous

A

homosporous

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16
Q

Horizontal stem is present for

A

lycopodiaceae

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17
Q

Horizontal stem is absent for

A

Huperziaceae

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18
Q

Isoetaceae shoots _____

A

Clustered

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19
Q

Selaginellaceae shoots ____

A

spread out

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20
Q

Morphollogy of Lycopodiophyta

A
  • Hellically arranged microphylls
  • Sporangia borne on axis
  • Sporangia dehise into two halves
  • Reproduce through spores
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21
Q

What feature is most useful in differentiating the two groups of lycopodiophyta

A

-homospory vs heterospory

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22
Q

What lead to the decline from dominance of seedless vascular plants

A
  • the formation of Pangea

- led to the loss of many coastal, swampy habitats

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23
Q

When did seed plants first arise

A

Permian

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24
Q

What gymnosperm phyla contains only one extant species

A

-Ginkgophyta

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25
What gymnosperm phyla contains the unrelated genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia
Gnetophyta
26
What gymnosperm phyla was dominant during the Jurrasic Period
Cycadophyta
27
What is used as the syracuse christmas tree
Norway Spruce
28
What is the largest spruce in the world?
Sitka spruce
29
What conifer genera contains the most native or naturalized species in NYS
Pinus
30
What conifer has individuals that are arguably the oldest living things on Earth
Great-Basin bristlecone pine
31
What is the closest extant relative of the first flowering plants and where does it occur
- Amborella trichopoda - On the island of caledonia - also very first flowering plant
32
Buzz pollination.....
occurs when a specific vibration frequency is required for a plant to release its pollen`
33
list 4 less of lycophytes
- Floral history - Medicinal remedies - Coal deposits - Photography, special effects
34
Monilophyta
- 12,000 species - Megaphylls, spores, swimming sperm - Mostly homosporous - Survived Permian and KT extinction events
35
When did monilophyta first appear
Lower carboniferous
36
Definition of pleistromorphic traits
-traits picked up from ancestors
37
Pleistromorphic traits of gymnopsperms
- vascular tissue - Sporophyte dominant generation - roots - leaves - megaphylls
38
Definition of apomorphic traits
traits either derived or advanced | -seeds for gymnosperms
39
Carboniferous period was dominated by ____
-seedless plants
40
What was the evolutionary force for evolution of the seed
the cold and dry weather at the end of the carboniferous period
41
Triassic Period
- Characterized by massive dry inland environment - Dominated by seed plants - Seedless vascular plants relegated to lesser ecological role
42
Major lineages of seed plants
- Cycadophyta - Ginkgophyta - Gnetophyta - Coniferophyta - Anthophyta
43
Gnetophyta and coniferophyta are:
sisters
44
Cycadophyta
- found in subtropical/tropical regions - 300 living spp. 10 genera - Compound leaves - Dioecious - stout, woody stems - long lived ~1,000 years
45
Ginkgophyta
- Peaked at jurassic - no record after last ice age - long-lived ~2,500 years - Biomedical importance
46
what is the only living ginkophyta species
-ginkgo biloba
47
Gnetophyta
- might be sister of angiosperms - vessel in xylem - 3 genera (gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
48
How many genera of conifers are there in the world?
between 53 and 67
49
gymnosperms are compromised of ____ conifer species
546
50
Some examples of conifers outside the US
- monkey-puzzle tree - stone pine - scotch pine - norway spruce - dawn-redwood
51
Monkey-puzzle tree
- national tree of Chile | - not a pine
52
Stone pine is used for ___
-pesto (pine nuts)
53
Scotch pine
-greatest geographical distribution
54
What genera of conifers has the most species that are native to North America
-Pinus (36)
55
Pinyon Pine
-used to make persto
56
What is the biggest pine in the world? Also has the biggest pinecones
-sugar pine
57
What pine is used for pencil wood
-Incense-cedar
58
What pine is found in yellowstone and is fire dependant
-lodgepole pine
59
What is the most important pine for timber
-ponderosa pine
60
Douglas-fir
- most important for construction | - provides habitat for spotted owl
61
Tallest tree in the world
-coastal redwood
62
Oldest living tree in the east US
Baldcypress
63
Conifers that are naturalized or native in NYS
- Balsam fir - Tamarak - Eastern hemlock - Jack pine
64
-Most abundant spruce in NY
-Red spruce
65
What was the environment like when the first flowering plants appeared
- Tall conifers - Lots of ferns - Lack of diversity
66
What are some of the main advantages flowers brought to flowering plants?
- Easier ways of spore dispersal through pollinators and beetles - Made flowers reproduce MUCH faster than conifers
67
How is the plant evolution related to biodiversity
- it changed ways of how animals ate, and created new animals through evolution by creating insects to pollinate them - example of coevolution
68
What were the effects of flowering plants on climate
-Flowers created more clouds, which led to more rain
69
What are the linkages between the evolution of flowering plants and humans
- Mammals distributed flower seeds by developing fruit - Primates lived on the fruit and evolved into humans - Primates are direct link between plants and humans
70
Angiosperms - the most diverse plants group (species)
>250,000 species >400 families -inhabit diverse habitats -large variability in form and function
71
Thermogenesis in Titan arum
- Convection flower - pulses of heat and carrion-like odor produced by respiration - attracts pollinators over large distances
72
Facts of angiosperms
- plants with the widest stems are angiosperms - some of the oldest living things are angiosperms - some angiosperms are carnivorous - virtually all major crops are angiosperms
73
Legume family
- Angiosperm - source of protein - beans, soybeans, lentils, peas, peanuts
74
First angiosperm fossils:
~120-140 mya
75
Main characteristics for angiosperms
- Flowers for reproduction - Ovules enclosed within a carpel - double fertilization - formation of endosperm
76
Hypogynous and perigynous ovary position
Superior ovary
77
Epigynous ovary position
inferior ovary
78
Dehiscent
open at maturity
79
Indehiscent
rely on decay or predation to open
80
Dry fruits
-Dehiscent and indehiscent
81
Pericarp on fleshy fruit
- the wall of the ripened ovary | - fruit wall consisting of exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp
82
Tracheid in confiers (water movement)
-water passes slowly through primary cell walls in pit-pairs
83
Vessel elements in angiosperms (water movement)
-water passes faster via perforations
84
Early angiosperm broad leaf
-flat leaf with low vein density
85
Modern angiosperm broad leaf
-flat leaf with high vein density
86
Modern angiosperms maximize gas exchange, which leads to greater:
-transpiration and photosynthetic rates
87
What period saw a large increase in angiosperm and conifer biodiversity
-Cretaceous
88
Increased stomatal conductance in modern angiosperms is related to:
-smaller and larger stomatal size and leaf vein densities
89
ANA grade
- Amborellaceae - Nymphaeales - Austrobaileyales
90
Mesangiosperms
- Magnoliids - Monocots - Eudicots
91
Amborella
- most archaic extant angiosperm | - a woody angiosperm without vessels
92
Nymphaeales
- water lily family - 60 spp. - angiosperms with vessels for water transport
93
Cactaceae
-cactus family
94
Euphorbiaceae
-spurge family
95
Fabaceae
- legume family - 3rd largest angiosperm family - 2nd largest in economic importance
96
Core Eudicots - Asteraceae
- Aster family - 23,000 spp. - Number 1 rank amount plant family
97
Monocots - Orchidaceae
- Orchid family - 19,500 species - Number 2 rank among plant families
98
Monocots - Poaceae
- Grass family - provides humans 50% of calories - 10,000 species - Number 1 in economic importance - 24% of earths vegetation
99
Smallest angiosperm
-Watermeal
100
Tallest angiosperm
Mountain-ash
101
One of the oldest living angiosperms
creosote bush
102
Widest plant stem
Baobab
103
Piperaceae is a ___
magnoliid
104
Ranunculaceae is a ____
Eudicot
105
Beaches, chestnuts, filberts, and oaks belong to the order :
Fagales
106
Oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit all have the same genus ____
citrus
107
Cherries, plums, peaches, and almonds all have the same genus _____
Prunus
108
Bilberries, blueberries, and cranberries all belong to the genus ____
Vacinnium
109
trees found in Boreal
- paper birch - quaking aspen(greatest geographical distribution) - american mountain-ash
110
trees found in Alpine
black crowberry lapland rosebay(rare in NY) bearbery willow
111
trees found in old fields
``` cockspur hawthorn pin cherry (seeds live for 60 years in forest) gray dogwood ```
112
Trees found in mesic mixed hardwoods
- Sugar maple (state tree of NY) - American beech - White ash - Black walnut (most valuable hardwood in north america)
113
Dry mixed hardwoods
American chestnut White oak sweet birch black maple
114
Trees in hardwood swamps
``` Red maple (most common in swamp) shellback hickory(rare in NY Black ash ```
115
trees in floodplain communities
- Boxelder - silver maple - Eastern cottonwood
116
trees found in wet meadows
- buttonbush - silky dogwood - red-twig dogwood
117
Found in Lake Ontario dunes
- sand cherry | - heartleaf willow
118
Found in pine barrens
- Gray birch - scrub oak - bearberry
119
Found in alvar
- roundleaf dogwood | - fragrant sumac

Diversity of Life (15 decks)

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