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Diversity of Life > Exam 3 COPY > Flashcards

Exam 3 COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Microphyll

A

-1 strand of vascular tissue

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2
Q

Megaphyll

A

-more than 1 strand of vascular tissue

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3
Q

What are the 2 major phyla of seed plants

A
  • Gymnosperms

- Angiosperms

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4
Q

What are the 2 major phyla of seedless vascular plants

A
  • Lycophytes

- Monilophytes

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5
Q

Lycopodiophyta contain the:

A

club mosses

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6
Q

When did lycopodiophyta first arise

A

Devonian (410 mya)

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7
Q

when was the dominance of lycopodiophyta

A

Carboniferous (360 may)

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8
Q

Lycopodiophyta is characterized by:

A

dominant and complex sporophyte generation

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9
Q

Two different forms of Lycopodiophyta

A
  • Arborescent

- Herbaceous

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10
Q

Arborescent lycopodiophyta:

A
  • Tree like
  • Branches on top
  • All are extinct due to Permian Extinction
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11
Q

Herbaceous Lycopodiophyta:

A
  • 1200 spp
  • Found in tropics
  • 12 local species
  • morphologically conserved
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12
Q

Homospory

A

one type of spore (forms gametophyte)

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13
Q

Heterospory

A

2 types of spores

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14
Q

How do we distinguish from the two groups of lycopodiophyta?

A

Using chloroplast DNA

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15
Q

Lycopodiophyta is Heterosporous/homosporous

A

homosporous

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16
Q

Horizontal stem is present for

A

lycopodiaceae

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17
Q

Horizontal stem is absent for

A

Huperziaceae

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18
Q

Isoetaceae shoots _____

A

Clustered

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19
Q

Selaginellaceae shoots ____

A

spread out

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20
Q

Morphollogy of Lycopodiophyta

A
  • Hellically arranged microphylls
  • Sporangia borne on axis
  • Sporangia dehise into two halves
  • Reproduce through spores
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21
Q

What feature is most useful in differentiating the two groups of lycopodiophyta

A

-homospory vs heterospory

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22
Q

What lead to the decline from dominance of seedless vascular plants

A
  • the formation of Pangea

- led to the loss of many coastal, swampy habitats

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23
Q

When did seed plants first arise

A

Permian

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24
Q

What gymnosperm phyla contains only one extant species

A

-Ginkgophyta

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25
Q

What gymnosperm phyla contains the unrelated genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia

A

Gnetophyta

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26
Q

What gymnosperm phyla was dominant during the Jurrasic Period

A

Cycadophyta

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27
Q

What is used as the syracuse christmas tree

A

Norway Spruce

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28
Q

What is the largest spruce in the world?

A

Sitka spruce

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29
Q

What conifer genera contains the most native or naturalized species in NYS

A

Pinus

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30
Q

What conifer has individuals that are arguably the oldest living things on Earth

A

Great-Basin bristlecone pine

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31
Q

What is the closest extant relative of the first flowering plants and where does it occur

A
  • Amborella trichopoda
  • On the island of caledonia
  • also very first flowering plant
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32
Q

Buzz pollination…..

A

occurs when a specific vibration frequency is required for a plant to release its pollen`

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33
Q

list 4 less of lycophytes

A
  • Floral history
  • Medicinal remedies
  • Coal deposits
  • Photography, special effects
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34
Q

Monilophyta

A
  • 12,000 species
  • Megaphylls, spores, swimming sperm
  • Mostly homosporous
  • Survived Permian and KT extinction events
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35
Q

When did monilophyta first appear

A

Lower carboniferous

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36
Q

Definition of pleistromorphic traits

A

-traits picked up from ancestors

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37
Q

Pleistromorphic traits of gymnopsperms

A
  • vascular tissue
  • Sporophyte dominant generation
  • roots
  • leaves
  • megaphylls
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38
Q

Definition of apomorphic traits

A

traits either derived or advanced

-seeds for gymnosperms

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39
Q

Carboniferous period was dominated by ____

A

-seedless plants

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40
Q

What was the evolutionary force for evolution of the seed

A

the cold and dry weather at the end of the carboniferous period

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41
Q

Triassic Period

A
  • Characterized by massive dry inland environment
  • Dominated by seed plants
  • Seedless vascular plants relegated to lesser ecological role
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42
Q

Major lineages of seed plants

A
  • Cycadophyta
  • Ginkgophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Coniferophyta
  • Anthophyta
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43
Q

Gnetophyta and coniferophyta are:

A

sisters

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44
Q

Cycadophyta

A
  • found in subtropical/tropical regions
  • 300 living spp. 10 genera
  • Compound leaves
  • Dioecious
  • stout, woody stems
  • long lived ~1,000 years
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45
Q

Ginkgophyta

A
  • Peaked at jurassic
  • no record after last ice age
  • long-lived ~2,500 years
  • Biomedical importance
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46
Q

what is the only living ginkophyta species

A

-ginkgo biloba

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47
Q

Gnetophyta

A
  • might be sister of angiosperms
  • vessel in xylem
  • 3 genera (gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
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48
Q

How many genera of conifers are there in the world?

A

between 53 and 67

49
Q

gymnosperms are compromised of ____ conifer species

A

546

50
Q

Some examples of conifers outside the US

A
  • monkey-puzzle tree
  • stone pine
  • scotch pine
  • norway spruce
  • dawn-redwood
51
Q

Monkey-puzzle tree

A
  • national tree of Chile

- not a pine

52
Q

Stone pine is used for ___

A

-pesto (pine nuts)

53
Q

Scotch pine

A

-greatest geographical distribution

54
Q

What genera of conifers has the most species that are native to North America

A

-Pinus (36)

55
Q

Pinyon Pine

A

-used to make persto

56
Q

What is the biggest pine in the world? Also has the biggest pinecones

A

-sugar pine

57
Q

What pine is used for pencil wood

A

-Incense-cedar

58
Q

What pine is found in yellowstone and is fire dependant

A

-lodgepole pine

59
Q

What is the most important pine for timber

A

-ponderosa pine

60
Q

Douglas-fir

A
  • most important for construction

- provides habitat for spotted owl

61
Q

Tallest tree in the world

A

-coastal redwood

62
Q

Oldest living tree in the east US

A

Baldcypress

63
Q

Conifers that are naturalized or native in NYS

A
  • Balsam fir
  • Tamarak
  • Eastern hemlock
  • Jack pine
64
Q

-Most abundant spruce in NY

A

-Red spruce

65
Q

What was the environment like when the first flowering plants appeared

A
  • Tall conifers
  • Lots of ferns
  • Lack of diversity
66
Q

What are some of the main advantages flowers brought to flowering plants?

A
  • Easier ways of spore dispersal through pollinators and beetles
  • Made flowers reproduce MUCH faster than conifers
67
Q

How is the plant evolution related to biodiversity

A
  • it changed ways of how animals ate, and created new animals through evolution by creating insects to pollinate them
  • example of coevolution
68
Q

What were the effects of flowering plants on climate

A

-Flowers created more clouds, which led to more rain

69
Q

What are the linkages between the evolution of flowering plants and humans

A
  • Mammals distributed flower seeds by developing fruit
  • Primates lived on the fruit and evolved into humans
  • Primates are direct link between plants and humans
70
Q

Angiosperms - the most diverse plants group (species)

A

> 250,000 species
400 families
-inhabit diverse habitats
-large variability in form and function

71
Q

Thermogenesis in Titan arum

A
  • Convection flower
  • pulses of heat and carrion-like odor produced by respiration
  • attracts pollinators over large distances
72
Q

Facts of angiosperms

A
  • plants with the widest stems are angiosperms
  • some of the oldest living things are angiosperms
  • some angiosperms are carnivorous
  • virtually all major crops are angiosperms
73
Q

Legume family

A
  • Angiosperm
  • source of protein
  • beans, soybeans, lentils, peas, peanuts
74
Q

First angiosperm fossils:

A

~120-140 mya

75
Q

Main characteristics for angiosperms

A
  • Flowers for reproduction
  • Ovules enclosed within a carpel
  • double fertilization
  • formation of endosperm
76
Q

Hypogynous and perigynous ovary position

A

Superior ovary

77
Q

Epigynous ovary position

A

inferior ovary

78
Q

Dehiscent

A

open at maturity

79
Q

Indehiscent

A

rely on decay or predation to open

80
Q

Dry fruits

A

-Dehiscent and indehiscent

81
Q

Pericarp on fleshy fruit

A
  • the wall of the ripened ovary

- fruit wall consisting of exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

82
Q

Tracheid in confiers (water movement)

A

-water passes slowly through primary cell walls in pit-pairs

83
Q

Vessel elements in angiosperms (water movement)

A

-water passes faster via perforations

84
Q

Early angiosperm broad leaf

A

-flat leaf with low vein density

85
Q

Modern angiosperm broad leaf

A

-flat leaf with high vein density

86
Q

Modern angiosperms maximize gas exchange, which leads to greater:

A

-transpiration and photosynthetic rates

87
Q

What period saw a large increase in angiosperm and conifer biodiversity

A

-Cretaceous

88
Q

Increased stomatal conductance in modern angiosperms is related to:

A

-smaller and larger stomatal size and leaf vein densities

89
Q

ANA grade

A
  • Amborellaceae
  • Nymphaeales
  • Austrobaileyales
90
Q

Mesangiosperms

A
  • Magnoliids
  • Monocots
  • Eudicots
91
Q

Amborella

A
  • most archaic extant angiosperm

- a woody angiosperm without vessels

92
Q

Nymphaeales

A
  • water lily family
  • 60 spp.
  • angiosperms with vessels for water transport
93
Q

Cactaceae

A

-cactus family

94
Q

Euphorbiaceae

A

-spurge family

95
Q

Fabaceae

A
  • legume family
  • 3rd largest angiosperm family
  • 2nd largest in economic importance
96
Q

Core Eudicots - Asteraceae

A
  • Aster family
  • 23,000 spp.
  • Number 1 rank amount plant family
97
Q

Monocots - Orchidaceae

A
  • Orchid family
  • 19,500 species
  • Number 2 rank among plant families
98
Q

Monocots - Poaceae

A
  • Grass family
  • provides humans 50% of calories
  • 10,000 species
  • Number 1 in economic importance
  • 24% of earths vegetation
99
Q

Smallest angiosperm

A

-Watermeal

100
Q

Tallest angiosperm

A

Mountain-ash

101
Q

One of the oldest living angiosperms

A

creosote bush

102
Q

Widest plant stem

A

Baobab

103
Q

Piperaceae is a ___

A

magnoliid

104
Q

Ranunculaceae is a ____

A

Eudicot

105
Q

Beaches, chestnuts, filberts, and oaks belong to the order :

A

Fagales

106
Q

Oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit all have the same genus ____

A

citrus

107
Q

Cherries, plums, peaches, and almonds all have the same genus _____

A

Prunus

108
Q

Bilberries, blueberries, and cranberries all belong to the genus ____

A

Vacinnium

109
Q

trees found in Boreal

A
  • paper birch
  • quaking aspen(greatest geographical distribution)
  • american mountain-ash
110
Q

trees found in Alpine

A

black crowberry
lapland rosebay(rare in NY)
bearbery willow

111
Q

trees found in old fields

A 
cockspur hawthorn
pin cherry (seeds live for 60 years in forest)
gray dogwood
112
Q

Trees found in mesic mixed hardwoods

A
  • Sugar maple (state tree of NY)
  • American beech
  • White ash
  • Black walnut (most valuable hardwood in north america)
113
Q

Dry mixed hardwoods

A

American chestnut
White oak
sweet birch
black maple

114
Q

Trees in hardwood swamps

A 
Red maple (most common in swamp)
shellback hickory(rare in NY
Black ash
115
Q

trees in floodplain communities

A
  • Boxelder
  • silver maple
  • Eastern cottonwood
116
Q

trees found in wet meadows

A
  • buttonbush
  • silky dogwood
  • red-twig dogwood
117
Q

Found in Lake Ontario dunes

A
  • sand cherry

- heartleaf willow

118
Q

Found in pine barrens

A
  • Gray birch
  • scrub oak
  • bearberry
119
Q

Found in alvar

A
  • roundleaf dogwood

- fragrant sumac

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