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Diversity of Life > Exam 1 (2) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

variation at all levels of biological organization

A

General definition of Biodiversity

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2
Q

variation in the genetic make-up between individuals within a population and between populations

A

Genetic Diversity

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3
Q

the variation in a particular level of the taxonomic hierarchy (species, genera, and beyond)

A

Organismal Diversity

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4
Q

the number of species within a given sampling area

A

Species richness

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5
Q

how abundant each species is relative to the total number of individuals

A

Species evenness

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6
Q

ecological differences between habitats and biomes

A

Ecological Diversity

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7
Q

diversity within a particular area or ecosystem

A

Alpha Diversity

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8
Q

differences in alpha diversity between ecosystems

A

Beta Diversity

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9
Q

overall diversity for the different ecosystems in a broad region

A

Gamma Diversity

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10
Q
  • Low oxygen environment
  • First life arises
  • cyanobacteria begin photosynthesizing
A

Achaen Eon

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11
Q
  • Great oxygenation even
  • Eukaryotes evolve
  • Life dominated by small, small-bodied eukaryotes
A

Proterozoic Eon

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12
Q
  • “Snowball Earth”
  • Massive ice ages
  • Possibly leads to more diversity in Ediacaran
A

Crynogenian Period

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13
Q

-Proliferation of multicellular, soft-bodied organisms

A

Ediacaran Period

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14
Q
  • Nearly all invertebrate phyla appear

- Life begins in oceans and moves to land

A

Paleozoic Era

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15
Q
  • Cambrian Explosion
  • Most major animal phyla appear
  • marine life still dominant
  • origin of general body plan for metazoans
A

Cambrian Period

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16
Q

major diversification of form and function

A

Cambrian Explosion

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17
Q
  • first vertebrates with true bones appear
  • first life on land
  • mass extinction at the end
A

Ordovician Period

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18
Q
  • life on land progresses
  • first appearance of vascular plants
  • major diversification of fish
A

Silurian Period

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19
Q
  • significant radiation of life on land
  • tetrapods and anthropoids colonize land
  • mass extinction near end of period
A

Devonian Period

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20
Q
  • warm and humid
  • Extensive forests generate massive coal reserves
  • reptiles appear
A

Carboniferous Period

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21
Q
  • supercontinent pangea

- starts with ice age and ends with mass extinction event

A

Permian Period

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22
Q
  • “Age of the Dinosaurs”

- fragmentation of Pangea leads to much specification

A

Mesozoic Era

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23
Q
  • warm and dry climate
  • slow recovery from Permian extinction
  • mammals and dinosaurs evolve
A

Triassic Period

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24
Q
  • first birds appear
  • largest land animals of all time present
  • cycads dominate plant world
A

Jurassic Period

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25
Q

Mammals dominant on land

A

Cenozoic Era

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26
Q

last major ice age

A

Pleistocene Epoch

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27
Q

after ice age, allows for species radiation

A

Holocene Epoch

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28
Q

What Epoch are we said to be in?

A

Anthropocene

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29
Q
  • short events resulting in massive species loss
  • random
  • open up niches for adaptive radiation and greater diversity
A

Mass extinction events

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30
Q

What was the largest mass extinction event

A 
Permian Extinction (95% of all species lost)
-prob due to gradual environmental changes and a catastrophic event
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31
Q

What was the dinosaur extinction

A

Cretaceous-Tertiary

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32
Q

Fossil record shoes a______

A

erratic but relentless increase in biological diversity

33
Q

Why are viruses said to be alive

A
  • Posses genes and evolve by natural selection

- Replicate by generation multiple copies of their genetic makeup

34
Q

Why are viruses said not to be alive

A
  • no oxygen intake
  • no nutrition required
  • no definite lifespan
35
Q

population of morphologically similar, interfertile organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

A

Biological species

36
Q

a polythetic class of viruses that constitute a replicating lineage and occupy a particular niche.

A

Viral Species

37
Q

The viral protein coat is removed to expose the viral NA to the cytoplasm of the cell

A

Uncoating

38
Q

Naked viral NA acts as template for production of viral mRNA, or is the mRNA itself

A

Transcription

39
Q

Viral mRNA is translated by host ribosomes and tRNAs into viral proteins.

A

Translation

40
Q

Parental viral NA is copied for progeny virions. Process catalyzed by the viral replicase enzyme.

A

Replication

41
Q

Viral coat protein and NA assemble to form complete virions.

A

Assembly

42
Q

The progeny virions are released from the cell to infect other cells and other susceptible individuals

A

Release

43
Q

cell death as end result of infection

A

Cytocidal infections

44
Q

Noncytocidal infections are _________

A

acute or persistent

45
Q

viruses flushed out of body quickly by various defense mechanisms

A

Actue infections

46
Q

the infected cells continually produce irons

A

Chronic infections

47
Q

the infected cells do not continually produce irons. Virus becomes dormant for a time before becoming active again

A

Latent infections

48
Q

Persistent infections often are ________

A

lysogenic

49
Q

blending of Darwinism & Mendelism. Evolution arises exclusively from gradual accumulation of mutations & sex recombo of genes under control of natural selection

A

Neodarwinism

50
Q

life forms join genomes honed by evolution, & such fusions often lead to major saltations. This mechanism is not random, but a creative force.

A

Symbiogenesis

51
Q

How many viral elements constitute the human genome

A

50%

52
Q

up to ____ of some plant genomes is viral

A

90%

53
Q

the science of naming, describing, and classifying living things; one aspect of systematics

A

Taxonomy

54
Q

a group of organisms at a particular level of a classification system

A

Taxon

55
Q

Who were the first to organize like organisms in GENERA

A

Greeks and Romans

56
Q

Who developed binomial system

A

Carolus Linnaeus

57
Q

began in the middle ages

a series of descriptive terms added to the name of a genus to refer to a particular order

A

Polynomial system

58
Q

any recognizable trait, feature, or property of an organism (eye color, leaf shape)

A

Character

59
Q

a discrete condition within a character

A

Character State

60
Q

organism on which species description is based

A

Holotype

61
Q

collected at same place and time as holotype

A

Isotype or isotope

62
Q

collected at different place or time than holotype

A

Paratype

63
Q

the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

64
Q

the evolutionary history of a taxon

A

Phylogeny

65
Q

show inferred evolutionary relationships hypothesized by particular investigators

A

Phylogenic trees

66
Q

a simplified visualization of a taxon evolutionary history

A

Cladogram

67
Q

character states are used to

A

group related organisms

68
Q

includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants (clade)

A

Monophyletic group

69
Q

includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants

A

Paraphyletic group

70
Q

grouping derived from more than one ancestor

A

Polyphyletic group

71
Q

a taxon that serves as a reference group for other taxa in a cladogram

A

Outgroup

72
Q
  • establish protected areas
  • promote sustainable development
  • restore degraded ecosystems
  • control invasive species
A

In situ conservation

73
Q
  • seed banks and zoos
  • culture collections
  • captive breeding
A

Ex situ conservation

74
Q
  • increases with area
  • increases from poles to equator
  • decreases with elevation
A

Trends in biodiversity

75
Q

species found only in a single, limited area

A

Endemic Species

76
Q
  • peaks on large

- increases from poles to equator

A

Trends in endemism

77
Q

There are ____ hotspot regions

A

25

78
Q

Criteria for hotspots

A
  • at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants
  • lost at least 70% of its original habitat
  • (irreplaceable and threatened)
79
Q

Biodiversity hotspots cover _____ of Earth’s land surface, constitute ____ of all extant plant species, and ______ of all extant vertebrates

A

1.4%
45%
35%

Diversity of Life (15 decks)

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