Exam 1 (2) Flashcards
1
Q
variation at all levels of biological organization
A
General definition of Biodiversity
2
Q
variation in the genetic make-up between individuals within a population and between populations
A
Genetic Diversity
3
Q
the variation in a particular level of the taxonomic hierarchy (species, genera, and beyond)
A
Organismal Diversity
4
Q
the number of species within a given sampling area
A
Species richness
5
Q
how abundant each species is relative to the total number of individuals
A
Species evenness
6
Q
ecological differences between habitats and biomes
A
Ecological Diversity
7
Q
diversity within a particular area or ecosystem
A
Alpha Diversity
8
Q
differences in alpha diversity between ecosystems
A
Beta Diversity
9
Q
overall diversity for the different ecosystems in a broad region
A
Gamma Diversity
10
Q
- Low oxygen environment
- First life arises
- cyanobacteria begin photosynthesizing
A
Achaen Eon
11
Q
- Great oxygenation even
- Eukaryotes evolve
- Life dominated by small, small-bodied eukaryotes
A
Proterozoic Eon
12
Q
- “Snowball Earth”
- Massive ice ages
- Possibly leads to more diversity in Ediacaran
A
Crynogenian Period
13
Q
-Proliferation of multicellular, soft-bodied organisms
A
Ediacaran Period
14
Q
- Nearly all invertebrate phyla appear
- Life begins in oceans and moves to land
A
Paleozoic Era
15
Q
- Cambrian Explosion
- Most major animal phyla appear
- marine life still dominant
- origin of general body plan for metazoans
A
Cambrian Period
16
Q
major diversification of form and function
A
Cambrian Explosion
17
Q
- first vertebrates with true bones appear
- first life on land
- mass extinction at the end
A
Ordovician Period
18
Q
- life on land progresses
- first appearance of vascular plants
- major diversification of fish
A
Silurian Period
19
Q
- significant radiation of life on land
- tetrapods and anthropoids colonize land
- mass extinction near end of period
A
Devonian Period
20
Q
- warm and humid
- Extensive forests generate massive coal reserves
- reptiles appear
A
Carboniferous Period
21
Q
- supercontinent pangea
- starts with ice age and ends with mass extinction event
A
Permian Period
22
Q
- “Age of the Dinosaurs”
- fragmentation of Pangea leads to much specification
A
Mesozoic Era
23
Q
- warm and dry climate
- slow recovery from Permian extinction
- mammals and dinosaurs evolve
A
Triassic Period
24
Q
- first birds appear
- largest land animals of all time present
- cycads dominate plant world
A
Jurassic Period
25
Mammals dominant on land
Cenozoic Era
26
last major ice age
Pleistocene Epoch
27
after ice age, allows for species radiation
Holocene Epoch
28
What Epoch are we said to be in?
Anthropocene
29
- short events resulting in massive species loss
- random
- open up niches for adaptive radiation and greater diversity
Mass extinction events
30
What was the largest mass extinction event
```
Permian Extinction (95% of all species lost)
-prob due to gradual environmental changes and a catastrophic event
```
31
What was the dinosaur extinction
Cretaceous-Tertiary
32
Fossil record shoes a______
erratic but relentless increase in biological diversity
33
Why are viruses said to be alive
- Posses genes and evolve by natural selection
| - Replicate by generation multiple copies of their genetic makeup
34
Why are viruses said not to be alive
- no oxygen intake
- no nutrition required
- no definite lifespan
35
population of morphologically similar, interfertile organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Biological species
36
a polythetic class of viruses that constitute a replicating lineage and occupy a particular niche.
Viral Species
37
The viral protein coat is removed to expose the viral NA to the cytoplasm of the cell
Uncoating
38
Naked viral NA acts as template for production of viral mRNA, or is the mRNA itself
Transcription
39
Viral mRNA is translated by host ribosomes and tRNAs into viral proteins.
Translation
40
Parental viral NA is copied for progeny virions. Process catalyzed by the viral replicase enzyme.
Replication
41
Viral coat protein and NA assemble to form complete virions.
Assembly
42
The progeny virions are released from the cell to infect other cells and other susceptible individuals
Release
43
cell death as end result of infection
Cytocidal infections
44
Noncytocidal infections are _________
acute or persistent
45
viruses flushed out of body quickly by various defense mechanisms
Actue infections
46
the infected cells continually produce irons
Chronic infections
47
the infected cells do not continually produce irons. Virus becomes dormant for a time before becoming active again
Latent infections
48
Persistent infections often are ________
lysogenic
49
blending of Darwinism & Mendelism. Evolution arises exclusively from gradual accumulation of mutations & sex recombo of genes under control of natural selection
Neodarwinism
50
life forms join genomes honed by evolution, & such fusions often lead to major saltations. This mechanism is not random, but a creative force.
Symbiogenesis
51
How many viral elements constitute the human genome
50%
52
up to ____ of some plant genomes is viral
90%
53
the science of naming, describing, and classifying living things; one aspect of systematics
Taxonomy
54
a group of organisms at a particular level of a classification system
Taxon
55
Who were the first to organize like organisms in GENERA
Greeks and Romans
56
Who developed binomial system
Carolus Linnaeus
57
began in the middle ages
| a series of descriptive terms added to the name of a genus to refer to a particular order
Polynomial system
58
any recognizable trait, feature, or property of an organism (eye color, leaf shape)
Character
59
a discrete condition within a character
Character State
60
organism on which species description is based
Holotype
61
collected at same place and time as holotype
Isotype or isotope
62
collected at different place or time than holotype
Paratype
63
the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
64
the evolutionary history of a taxon
Phylogeny
65
show inferred evolutionary relationships hypothesized by particular investigators
Phylogenic trees
66
a simplified visualization of a taxon evolutionary history
Cladogram
67
character states are used to
group related organisms
68
includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants (clade)
Monophyletic group
69
includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants
Paraphyletic group
70
grouping derived from more than one ancestor
Polyphyletic group
71
a taxon that serves as a reference group for other taxa in a cladogram
Outgroup
72
- establish protected areas
- promote sustainable development
- restore degraded ecosystems
- control invasive species
In situ conservation
73
- seed banks and zoos
- culture collections
- captive breeding
Ex situ conservation
74
- increases with area
- increases from poles to equator
- decreases with elevation
Trends in biodiversity
75
species found only in a single, limited area
Endemic Species
76
- peaks on large
| - increases from poles to equator
Trends in endemism
77
There are ____ hotspot regions
25
78
Criteria for hotspots
- at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants
- lost at least 70% of its original habitat
- (irreplaceable and threatened)
79
Biodiversity hotspots cover _____ of Earth's land surface, constitute ____ of all extant plant species, and ______ of all extant vertebrates
1.4%
45%
35%
