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Diversity of Life > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

General definition of Biodiversity

A

variation at all levels of biological organization

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2
Q

Types of biodiversity

A

Genetic Diversity
Organismal Diversity
Ecological Diversity

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3
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

variation in the genetic make-up between individuals within a population and between populations

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4
Q

Organismal Diversity

A

the variation in a particular level of the taxonomic hierarchy (species, genera, and beyond)

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5
Q

species richness:

A

the number of species within a given sampling area

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6
Q

Species Evenness

A

how abundant each species is relative to the total number of individuals

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7
Q

Ecological (ecosystem) Diversity

A

ecological differences between habitats and biomes

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8
Q

Spatial Patterns of Diversity

A

Alpha diversity
Beta Diversity
Gamma Diversity
Species-Area Relationships

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9
Q

Alpha Diversity

A

diversity within a particular area or ecosystem

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10
Q

Beta Diversity

A

differences in alpha diversity between ecosystems

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11
Q

Gamma Diversity

A

overall diversity for the different ecosystems in a broad region

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12
Q

How many extant species are described

A

~1.5 million described

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13
Q

How many estimated extant species are there

A

.5 million - 1 trillion

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14
Q 
Out of all the diversity, how many are
Vertebrate?
Viruses?
Fungi?
Protists?
Plants?
Invertebrate?
A

3% (vertebrate)

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15
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years

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16
Q

Archaen Eon

A
  • Low oxygen environment
  • First life arises
  • cyanobacteria begin photosynthesizing
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17
Q

How many years ago did life arise and in what era

A

3.8 Billion, Archaen

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18
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A
  • Great oxygenation even
  • Eukaryotes evolve
  • Life dominated by small, small-bodied eukaryotes
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19
Q

Cryogenian Period

A
  • “Snowball Earth”
  • Massive ice ages
  • Possibly leads to more diversity in Ediacaran
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20
Q

Ediacaran Period

A

-Proliferation of multicellular, soft-bodied organisms

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21
Q

Paleozoic Era

A
  • Nearly all invertebrate phyla appear

- Life begins in oceans and moves to land

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22
Q

Cambrian Period

A
  • Cambrian Explosion
  • Most major animal phyla appear
  • marine life still dominant
  • origin of general body plan for metazoans
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23
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

major diversification of form and function

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24
Q

Ordovician Period

A
  • first vertebrates with true bones appear
  • first life on land
  • mass extinction at the end
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25
Q

Silurian Period

A
  • life on land progresses
  • first appearance of vascular plants
  • major diversification of fish
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26
Q

Devonian Period

A
  • significant radiation of life on land
  • tetrapods and anthropoids colonize land
  • mass extinction near end of period
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27
Q

Carboniferous Period

A
  • warm and humid
  • Extensive forests generate massive coal reserves
  • reptiles appear
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28
Q

Permian period

A
  • supercontinent pangea

- starts with ice age and ends with mass extinction event

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29
Q

Mesozoic Era

A
  • “Age of the Dinosaurs”

- fragmentation of Pangea leads to much specification

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30
Q

Triassic Period

A
  • warm and dry climate
  • slow recovery from Permian extinction
  • mammals and dinosaurs evolve
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31
Q

Jurassic Periods

A
  • first birds appear
  • largest land animals of all time present
  • cycads dominate plant world
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32
Q

Cretaceous Period

A
  • Sea levels reach highest point
  • angiosperms (flowering plants) appear
  • age of reptiles
  • ends with mass extinction
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33
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

-mammals dominant on land

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34
Q

Pleistocene Epoch

A

last major ice age

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35
Q

Holocene Epoch

A

after ice age, allows for species radiation

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36
Q

What Epoch are we said to be in?

A

Anthropocene

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37
Q

Mass Extinction Events

A
  • short events resulting in massive species loss
  • random
  • open up niches for adaptive radiation and greater diversity
38
Q

What was the largest mass extinction event

A 
Permian Extinction (95% of all species lost)
-prob due to gradual environmental changes and a catastrophic event
39
Q

What was the dinosaur extinction

A

Cretaceous-Tertiary (75%)

40
Q

Human-caused mass extinction event

A

Holocene or Anthropocene

41
Q

Fossil record shoes a______

A

erratic but relentless increase in biological diversity

42
Q

Natural selection (is/is not) the only driver of species turnover and evolutionary change

A

IS NOT

43
Q

Why are viruses said to be alive

A
  • Posses genes and evolve by natural selection

- Replicate by generation multiple copies of their genetic makeup

44
Q

Why are viruses said NOT to be alive

A
  • No oxygen exchange
  • lack finite lifespan
  • do not require nutrition to survive or replicate
45
Q

Biological Species

A

population of morphologically similar, interfertile organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

46
Q

Viral Species

A

a polythetic class of viruses that constitute a replicating lineage and occupy a particular niche.

47
Q

UNCOATING

A

The viral protein coat is removed to expose the viral NA to the cytoplasm of the cell

48
Q

Transcription

A

Naked viral NA acts as template for production of viral mRNA, or is the mRNA itself

49
Q

Translation

A

Viral mRNA is translated by host ribosomes and tRNAs into viral proteins.

50
Q

Replication

A

Parental viral NA is copied for progeny virions. Process catalyzed by the viral replicase enzyme.

51
Q

Assembly

A

Viral coat protein and NA assemble to form complete virions.

52
Q

Release

A

The progeny virions are released from the cell to infect other cells and other susceptible individuals

53
Q

Cytocidal infections

A

cell death as end result of infection

54
Q

Noncytocidal infections

A

Acute or persistent

55
Q

Acute infections

A

viruses flushed out of body quickly by various defense mechanisms

56
Q

Chronic infections

A

the infected cells continually produce irons

57
Q

Latent infections

A

the infected cells do not continually produce irons. Virus becomes dormant for a time before becoming active again

58
Q

Persistent infections often are _________

A

lysogenic

59
Q

Neodarwinism

A

blending of Darwinism & Mendelism. Evolution arises exclusively from gradual accumulation of mutations & sex recombo of genes under control of natural selection

60
Q

Symbiogenesis

A

life forms join genomes honed by evolution, & such fusions often lead to major saltations. This mechanism is not random, but a creative force.

61
Q

How many viral elements constitute the human genome

A

50%

62
Q

up to _____ of some plant genomes is viral

A

90%

63
Q

What constitutes the virus growth cycle

A 
Uncoating
Transcription
Translation
Replication
Assembly 
Release
64
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of naming, describing, and classifying living things; one aspect of systematics

65
Q

Taxon

A

a group of organisms at a particular level of a classification system

66
Q

Who were the first to organize like organisms in GENERA

A

Greeks and Romans

67
Q

Who developed binomial system

A

Carolus Linnaeus

68
Q

Polynomial system

A

began in the middle ages

a series of descriptive terms added to the name of a genus to refer to a particular order

69
Q

Character

A

any recognizable trait, feature, or property of an organism (eye color, leaf shape)

70
Q

Character state

A

a discrete condition within a character

71
Q

Holotype

A

organism on which species description is based

72
Q

Isotope

A

collected at same place and time as holotype

73
Q

Paratype

A

collected at different place or time than holotype

74
Q

Systematics

A

the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

75
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a taxon

76
Q

Phylogenic trees

A

show inferred evolutionary relationships hypothesized by particular investigators

77
Q

Cladogram

A

a simplified visualization of a taxon evolutionary history

78
Q

character states are used to

A

group related organisms

79
Q

Monophyletic group

A

includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants (clade)

80
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants

81
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

grouping derived from more than one ancestor

82
Q

outgroup

A

a taxon that serves as a reference group for other taxa in a cladogram

83
Q

In situ conservation

A
  • establish protected areas
  • promote sustainable development
  • restore degraded ecosystems
  • control invasive species
84
Q

Ex situ conservation

A
  • seed banks and zoos
  • culture collections
  • captive breeding
85
Q

Trends in biodiversity

A
  • increases with area
  • increases from poles to equator
  • decreases with elevation
86
Q

Endemic Species

A

species found only in a single, limited area

87
Q

Trends in endemism

A
  • peaks on large

- increases from poles to equator

88
Q

there are ____ hotspot regions

A

25

89
Q

Criteria for hotspots

A
  • at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants
  • lost at least 70% of its original habitat
  • (irreplaceable and threatened)
90
Q

Biodiversity hotspots cover _____ of Earth’s land surface, constitute ____ of all extant plant species, and ______ of all extant vertebrates

A

1.4%
45%
35%

Diversity of Life (15 decks)

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