Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Chytridiomycota
A
- predominantly aquatic (1,000)
- only motel fungi
- coenocytic mycelium
- Exhibits alteration of generations
2
Q
Zygomycota
A
- terrestrial, mainly saprobes (~1000)
- thick-walled resting spore
- Asexual reproduction by sporangiospores
3
Q
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
A
- largest group of fungi (35,000)
- Ascospores produced inside the ascus
- asexual propagules are conidia
- 97% of all lichens
4
Q
Basidiomycota
A
- most familiar (25,000)
- central role in decomposition of plan litter
- Clamp-connections
- Sexual = basidiospores
- asexual = conidia
5
Q
Rust Fungi (Teliomycetes)
A
- no basidiocarp (8000)
- complex life cycle and constant challenge to plant pathogens
- Heteroecious
6
Q
Subphyla of Basidiomycota
A
- agaricomycotina (Hymenomycetes)
- ustilaginomycotonia
- pucciniomycotina (Urediniomycetes)
7
Q
Agaricomycotina
A
Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi
8
Q
Plasmogamy
A
-fusion of protoplasts (hyphae fuse but nuclei stay separate)
9
Q
Karyogamy
A
Fusion of nuclei
10
Q
Fungi are _____ absorbers
A
heterotrophic
11
Q
Ustilaginomycotina
A
Smut fungi and allied taxa
12
Q
Pucciniomycotina
A
Rust fungi and allied taxa
13
Q
Primary Mycelium
A
Monokaryon
14
Q
Secondary Mycelium
A
- Dikaryon
- Characterized by clamp connections in many taxa
15
Q
Tertiary Mycelium
A
organized, specialized tissues that make up the basidiocarp
16
Q
Basidioles
A
Cells resembling basidia that have not produced basidiospores
17
Q
Cystidia
A
- Function not known
- Believed to trap air, aid in evaporation
- Larger than other hymenial elements
18
Q
Hymenium
A
- Basidia
- Basidioles
- Cystidia
- Reproductive layer of fungal fruiting body
19
Q
Agaricomycotina
A
- Diverse group of basidiomycetes including mushrooms, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, basidiomycetous yeasts
- 20,000 species
- Between 380-960 mill years old
20
Q
Polypores
A
Bracket fungi
21
Q
Urediniomycetes
A
-Uredinales - the Rusts; ~8000 species
22
Q
Ustilagniomycetes
A
Ustilaginales - the Smuts; ~1200 species
23
Q
Teliospore is the sight of ____
A
karyogamy
24
Q
Promycelium
A
site of meiosis and formation of sterigma and basidiospores
25
Heteroecism
-2 different host plants needed to complete life cycle
26
Autoecism
Entire life cycle completed on a single host species
27
Stage 0 and 1 (alternate host)
- Spermogonia bearing spermatia and receptive hyphae
| - fertilization of receptive hyphae
28
Stage 1 for Rust Fungi
- Aecia bearing aeciospores
| - aeciospores infect primary host
29
Stage 2 for Rust Fungi
- Uredinia bearing urediniospores
| - Reinfect primary host and amplifies disease
30
Stage 3 for Rust Fungi
- Telia bearing teliospores
- overwinters as diploid
- direct germination to basidia
31
Stage 4 for Rust Fungi
- Basidia bearing basidiospores
| - basidiospores reinfect alternate host
32
Life cycle patterns of the Uredinales
- Macrocyclic
- Microcyclic
- Demicyclic
33
Macrocyclic
has all 5 stages
34
Microcyclic
Both aeciospores and urediniospores are absent
35
Demicyclic
the uredinial stage is absent
36
Ustilaginales
- no sex organs
| - heterothallic
37
Heterothallic
2 compatible partners to produce sexual spores
38
Homothallic
can reproduce sexually without another partner
39
Benefits of being Heterothallic
More genetic variation
40
What mushroom group is associated with chestnut blight
Ascomycetes
41
___ different kinds of mushroom poisoning recognized
8
42
___ of all poisonous mushroom fatalities and ____ of all poisonings are from ___
95
50
Amanita
43
Group 1 of poison mushrooms
-Amanitin poisoning
44
Amanitin toxin molecules
- composed of amino acids in double ring cyclopeptides
- Amatoxins
- Phallotoxins
45
Amatoxin effects
- Attack cell nucleus and binds to RNA Polymerase 2
- Synthesis of RNA and protein stops
- cell dies
46
Meixner Test
- squash mushroom tissues on newspaper
- add HCL
- Watch for blue color
- measures levels of amatoxin
47
Group 2 of poison mushrooms
Gyromitrin poisoning
48
_______ accounts for _____ of all fatal mushroom poisoning
2-4%
| Gyromitra esculenta
49
Symptoms of gyromitra poisoning
- Appear 2-12 hours after
- Bloated feeling, nausea, diarrhea
- Coma and death after 2-7 days
50
Group 3 of poison mushrooms
Orellanine poisoning
| results in kidney failure
51
Group 4 of mushroom poisoning
Coprine poisoning
52
What mushrooms are toxic when mixed with alcohol within 5 days
Coprine
| Coprinus
53
Group 5 of mushroom poisoning
muscarine poisoning (PSL syndrome)
54
Plants get what from fungi
- water
- soil minerals
- pathogen resistance
55
Fungi get what from plants
carbohydrates
| ENERGY
56
Mycorrhizal Fossils in the ___________ and are ______old and are ____
First land plants
400 million years
asexual
57
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are in what group
Glomeromycota
58
About _____ know species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi
200
59
______ of the worlds plant species associate wit Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi
70%
60
about _______ species of ectomycorrhizal fungi
10,000
61
______ is associated with 2000 species of Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Douglas fir
62
Ectomycorrizae is associated with _____ and _____
Ascoymcota and Basidiomycota
63
______ AM fungus diversity leads to an ______ in AM plant diversity
increase and increase
64
Ectomycorrhizae are associated with _____ of the worlds plant species
15-20% and are economically important
65
Mycorrhizal fungi are critical for _________
beautiful and threatened species such as truffles in old growth forests which are eaten by squirrels and then eaten by the other spotted owl (endangered)
66
___________ are close relatives of embryophytes
Green algae
67
Archaeplastida is a large, monophyletic group with eukaryotes that includes _______, _______, and _____
red algae
green algae
embryophytes
68
Green Algae includes ______ and ______
chlorophytes and charaphyceans
69
___________ are closest relatives and likely ancestors for bryophytes
Charophycean algae
70
____________ include non-vascular plants (bryophytes, liverworts, mosses)
Embryophytes (land plants)
71
How does external digestion work?
Release of enzymes that break down molecules
72
Plasmogamy
Fusion of 2 monokaryotic mycelium, nuclei DO NOT fuse together
When formed, becomes dikaryotic (n+n)
73
Basidiospore have ________ in the basidium
Septa
74
Mycelium is a collection of __________ cells
Hyphal
75
Hyphae
Filamentous fungal cells
76
Spermagonia produce __________
Receptive hyphae
77
What spore transfers from alternate host to primary
Aeciospores
78
In the rust cycle, where does karyogamy take place
Teliospores
| Results in 2n, then meiosis occurs and results in n
79
Female mating type of Ascomycota
Ascogonium
80
Male mating type of Ascomycota
Antheridium
81
Ascomycota have ______ hyphae with _____ pores and a presence of _______ bodies
Septate
simple
Woronin
82
T/F Conidial stage is asexual
TRUE
83
What is the latent period
A period of time when no symptoms occur from eating a poisonous mushroom
84
Mycoheterotrophs
Fungus eating plant
85
How do fungus get their nutrition?
Heterotrophic absorbers, can function either as saprophytes, parasites, or mutualistic symbionts.
86
What is the primary storage polysaccharide of fungus?
Glycogen
87
Coenocytic Mycelium
Hyphae lacks partitions, so nucleus flows around freely
