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Diversity of Life > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chytridiomycota

A
  • predominantly aquatic (1,000)
  • only motel fungi
  • coenocytic mycelium
  • Exhibits alteration of generations
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2
Q

Zygomycota

A
  • terrestrial, mainly saprobes (~1000)
  • thick-walled resting spore
  • Asexual reproduction by sporangiospores
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3
Q

Ascomycota (sac fungi)

A
  • largest group of fungi (35,000)
  • Ascospores produced inside the ascus
  • asexual propagules are conidia
  • 97% of all lichens
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4
Q

Basidiomycota

A
  • most familiar (25,000)
  • central role in decomposition of plan litter
  • Clamp-connections
  • Sexual = basidiospores
  • asexual = conidia
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5
Q

Rust Fungi (Teliomycetes)

A
  • no basidiocarp (8000)
  • complex life cycle and constant challenge to plant pathogens
  • Heteroecious
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6
Q

Subphyla of Basidiomycota

A
  • agaricomycotina (Hymenomycetes)
  • ustilaginomycotonia
  • pucciniomycotina (Urediniomycetes)
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7
Q

Agaricomycotina

A

Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi

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8
Q

Plasmogamy

A

-fusion of protoplasts (hyphae fuse but nuclei stay separate)

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9
Q

Karyogamy

A

Fusion of nuclei

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10
Q

Fungi are _____ absorbers

A

heterotrophic

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11
Q

Ustilaginomycotina

A

Smut fungi and allied taxa

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12
Q

Pucciniomycotina

A

Rust fungi and allied taxa

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13
Q

Primary Mycelium

A

Monokaryon

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14
Q

Secondary Mycelium

A
  • Dikaryon

- Characterized by clamp connections in many taxa

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15
Q

Tertiary Mycelium

A

organized, specialized tissues that make up the basidiocarp

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16
Q

Basidioles

A

Cells resembling basidia that have not produced basidiospores

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17
Q

Cystidia

A
  • Function not known
  • Believed to trap air, aid in evaporation
  • Larger than other hymenial elements
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18
Q

Hymenium

A
  • Basidia
  • Basidioles
  • Cystidia
  • Reproductive layer of fungal fruiting body
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19
Q

Agaricomycotina

A
  • Diverse group of basidiomycetes including mushrooms, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, basidiomycetous yeasts
  • 20,000 species
  • Between 380-960 mill years old
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20
Q

Polypores

A

Bracket fungi

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21
Q

Urediniomycetes

A

-Uredinales - the Rusts; ~8000 species

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22
Q

Ustilagniomycetes

A

Ustilaginales - the Smuts; ~1200 species

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23
Q

Teliospore is the sight of ____

A

karyogamy

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24
Q

Promycelium

A

site of meiosis and formation of sterigma and basidiospores

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25
Q

Heteroecism

A

-2 different host plants needed to complete life cycle

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26
Q

Autoecism

A

Entire life cycle completed on a single host species

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27
Q

Stage 0 and 1 (alternate host)

A
  • Spermogonia bearing spermatia and receptive hyphae

- fertilization of receptive hyphae

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28
Q

Stage 1 for Rust Fungi

A
  • Aecia bearing aeciospores

- aeciospores infect primary host

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29
Q

Stage 2 for Rust Fungi

A
  • Uredinia bearing urediniospores

- Reinfect primary host and amplifies disease

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30
Q

Stage 3 for Rust Fungi

A
  • Telia bearing teliospores
  • overwinters as diploid
  • direct germination to basidia
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31
Q

Stage 4 for Rust Fungi

A
  • Basidia bearing basidiospores

- basidiospores reinfect alternate host

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32
Q

Life cycle patterns of the Uredinales

A
  • Macrocyclic
  • Microcyclic
  • Demicyclic
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33
Q

Macrocyclic

A

has all 5 stages

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34
Q

Microcyclic

A

Both aeciospores and urediniospores are absent

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35
Q

Demicyclic

A

the uredinial stage is absent

36
Q

Ustilaginales

A
  • no sex organs

- heterothallic

37
Q

Heterothallic

A

2 compatible partners to produce sexual spores

38
Q

Homothallic

A

can reproduce sexually without another partner

39
Q

Benefits of being Heterothallic

A

More genetic variation

40
Q

What mushroom group is associated with chestnut blight

A

Ascomycetes

41
Q

___ different kinds of mushroom poisoning recognized

A

8

42
Q

___ of all poisonous mushroom fatalities and ____ of all poisonings are from ___

A

95
50
Amanita

43
Q

Group 1 of poison mushrooms

A

-Amanitin poisoning

44
Q

Amanitin toxin molecules

A
  • composed of amino acids in double ring cyclopeptides
  • Amatoxins
  • Phallotoxins
45
Q

Amatoxin effects

A
  • Attack cell nucleus and binds to RNA Polymerase 2
  • Synthesis of RNA and protein stops
  • cell dies
46
Q

Meixner Test

A
  • squash mushroom tissues on newspaper
  • add HCL
  • Watch for blue color
  • measures levels of amatoxin
47
Q

Group 2 of poison mushrooms

A

Gyromitrin poisoning

48
Q

_______ accounts for _____ of all fatal mushroom poisoning

A

2-4%

Gyromitra esculenta

49
Q

Symptoms of gyromitra poisoning

A
  • Appear 2-12 hours after
  • Bloated feeling, nausea, diarrhea
  • Coma and death after 2-7 days
50
Q

Group 3 of poison mushrooms

A

Orellanine poisoning

results in kidney failure

51
Q

Group 4 of mushroom poisoning

A

Coprine poisoning

52
Q

What mushrooms are toxic when mixed with alcohol within 5 days

A

Coprine

Coprinus

53
Q

Group 5 of mushroom poisoning

A

muscarine poisoning (PSL syndrome)

54
Q

Plants get what from fungi

A
  • water
  • soil minerals
  • pathogen resistance
55
Q

Fungi get what from plants

A

carbohydrates

ENERGY

56
Q

Mycorrhizal Fossils in the ___________ and are ______old and are ____

A

First land plants
400 million years
asexual

57
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are in what group

A

Glomeromycota

58
Q

About _____ know species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi

A

200

59
Q

______ of the worlds plant species associate wit Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi

A

70%

60
Q

about _______ species of ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

10,000

61
Q

______ is associated with 2000 species of Ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

Douglas fir

62
Q

Ectomycorrizae is associated with _____ and _____

A

Ascoymcota and Basidiomycota

63
Q

______ AM fungus diversity leads to an ______ in AM plant diversity

A

increase and increase

64
Q

Ectomycorrhizae are associated with _____ of the worlds plant species

A

15-20% and are economically important

65
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi are critical for _________

A

beautiful and threatened species such as truffles in old growth forests which are eaten by squirrels and then eaten by the other spotted owl (endangered)

66
Q

___________ are close relatives of embryophytes

A

Green algae

67
Q

Archaeplastida is a large, monophyletic group with eukaryotes that includes _______, _______, and _____

A

red algae
green algae
embryophytes

68
Q

Green Algae includes ______ and ______

A

chlorophytes and charaphyceans

69
Q

___________ are closest relatives and likely ancestors for bryophytes

A

Charophycean algae

70
Q

____________ include non-vascular plants (bryophytes, liverworts, mosses)

A

Embryophytes (land plants)

71
Q

How does external digestion work?

A

Release of enzymes that break down molecules

72
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Fusion of 2 monokaryotic mycelium, nuclei DO NOT fuse together
When formed, becomes dikaryotic (n+n)

73
Q

Basidiospore have ________ in the basidium

A

Septa

74
Q

Mycelium is a collection of __________ cells

A

Hyphal

75
Q

Hyphae

A

Filamentous fungal cells

76
Q

Spermagonia produce __________

A

Receptive hyphae

77
Q

What spore transfers from alternate host to primary

A

Aeciospores

78
Q

In the rust cycle, where does karyogamy take place

A

Teliospores

Results in 2n, then meiosis occurs and results in n

79
Q

Female mating type of Ascomycota

A

Ascogonium

80
Q

Male mating type of Ascomycota

A

Antheridium

81
Q

Ascomycota have ______ hyphae with _____ pores and a presence of _______ bodies

A

Septate
simple
Woronin

82
Q

T/F Conidial stage is asexual

A

TRUE

83
Q

What is the latent period

A

A period of time when no symptoms occur from eating a poisonous mushroom

84
Q

Mycoheterotrophs

A

Fungus eating plant

85
Q

How do fungus get their nutrition?

A

Heterotrophic absorbers, can function either as saprophytes, parasites, or mutualistic symbionts.

86
Q

What is the primary storage polysaccharide of fungus?

A

Glycogen

87
Q

Coenocytic Mycelium

A

Hyphae lacks partitions, so nucleus flows around freely

Diversity of Life (15 decks)

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