Exam 2 Flashcards
Chytridiomycota
- predominantly aquatic (1,000)
- only motel fungi
- coenocytic mycelium
- Exhibits alteration of generations
Zygomycota
- terrestrial, mainly saprobes (~1000)
- thick-walled resting spore
- Asexual reproduction by sporangiospores
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
- largest group of fungi (35,000)
- Ascospores produced inside the ascus
- asexual propagules are conidia
- 97% of all lichens
Basidiomycota
- most familiar (25,000)
- central role in decomposition of plan litter
- Clamp-connections
- Sexual = basidiospores
- asexual = conidia
Rust Fungi (Teliomycetes)
- no basidiocarp (8000)
- complex life cycle and constant challenge to plant pathogens
- Heteroecious
Subphyla of Basidiomycota
- agaricomycotina (Hymenomycetes)
- ustilaginomycotonia
- pucciniomycotina (Urediniomycetes)
Agaricomycotina
Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi
Plasmogamy
-fusion of protoplasts (hyphae fuse but nuclei stay separate)
Karyogamy
Fusion of nuclei
Fungi are _____ absorbers
heterotrophic
Ustilaginomycotina
Smut fungi and allied taxa
Pucciniomycotina
Rust fungi and allied taxa
Primary Mycelium
Monokaryon
Secondary Mycelium
- Dikaryon
- Characterized by clamp connections in many taxa
Tertiary Mycelium
organized, specialized tissues that make up the basidiocarp
Basidioles
Cells resembling basidia that have not produced basidiospores
Cystidia
- Function not known
- Believed to trap air, aid in evaporation
- Larger than other hymenial elements
Hymenium
- Basidia
- Basidioles
- Cystidia
- Reproductive layer of fungal fruiting body
Agaricomycotina
- Diverse group of basidiomycetes including mushrooms, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, basidiomycetous yeasts
- 20,000 species
- Between 380-960 mill years old
Polypores
Bracket fungi
Urediniomycetes
-Uredinales - the Rusts; ~8000 species
Ustilagniomycetes
Ustilaginales - the Smuts; ~1200 species
Teliospore is the sight of ____
karyogamy
Promycelium
site of meiosis and formation of sterigma and basidiospores
Heteroecism
-2 different host plants needed to complete life cycle
Autoecism
Entire life cycle completed on a single host species
Stage 0 and 1 (alternate host)
- Spermogonia bearing spermatia and receptive hyphae
- fertilization of receptive hyphae
Stage 1 for Rust Fungi
- Aecia bearing aeciospores
- aeciospores infect primary host
Stage 2 for Rust Fungi
- Uredinia bearing urediniospores
- Reinfect primary host and amplifies disease
Stage 3 for Rust Fungi
- Telia bearing teliospores
- overwinters as diploid
- direct germination to basidia
Stage 4 for Rust Fungi
- Basidia bearing basidiospores
- basidiospores reinfect alternate host
Life cycle patterns of the Uredinales
- Macrocyclic
- Microcyclic
- Demicyclic
Macrocyclic
has all 5 stages
Microcyclic
Both aeciospores and urediniospores are absent
Demicyclic
the uredinial stage is absent
Ustilaginales
- no sex organs
- heterothallic
Heterothallic
2 compatible partners to produce sexual spores
Homothallic
can reproduce sexually without another partner
Benefits of being Heterothallic
More genetic variation
What mushroom group is associated with chestnut blight
Ascomycetes
___ different kinds of mushroom poisoning recognized
8
___ of all poisonous mushroom fatalities and ____ of all poisonings are from ___
95
50
Amanita
Group 1 of poison mushrooms
-Amanitin poisoning
Amanitin toxin molecules
- composed of amino acids in double ring cyclopeptides
- Amatoxins
- Phallotoxins
Amatoxin effects
- Attack cell nucleus and binds to RNA Polymerase 2
- Synthesis of RNA and protein stops
- cell dies
Meixner Test
- squash mushroom tissues on newspaper
- add HCL
- Watch for blue color
- measures levels of amatoxin
Group 2 of poison mushrooms
Gyromitrin poisoning
_______ accounts for _____ of all fatal mushroom poisoning
2-4%
Gyromitra esculenta
Symptoms of gyromitra poisoning
- Appear 2-12 hours after
- Bloated feeling, nausea, diarrhea
- Coma and death after 2-7 days
Group 3 of poison mushrooms
Orellanine poisoning
results in kidney failure
Group 4 of mushroom poisoning
Coprine poisoning
What mushrooms are toxic when mixed with alcohol within 5 days
Coprine
Coprinus
Group 5 of mushroom poisoning
muscarine poisoning (PSL syndrome)
Plants get what from fungi
- water
- soil minerals
- pathogen resistance
Fungi get what from plants
carbohydrates
ENERGY
Mycorrhizal Fossils in the ___________ and are ______old and are ____
First land plants
400 million years
asexual
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi are in what group
Glomeromycota
About _____ know species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi
200
______ of the worlds plant species associate wit Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi
70%
about _______ species of ectomycorrhizal fungi
10,000
______ is associated with 2000 species of Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Douglas fir
Ectomycorrizae is associated with _____ and _____
Ascoymcota and Basidiomycota
______ AM fungus diversity leads to an ______ in AM plant diversity
increase and increase
Ectomycorrhizae are associated with _____ of the worlds plant species
15-20% and are economically important
Mycorrhizal fungi are critical for _________
beautiful and threatened species such as truffles in old growth forests which are eaten by squirrels and then eaten by the other spotted owl (endangered)
___________ are close relatives of embryophytes
Green algae
Archaeplastida is a large, monophyletic group with eukaryotes that includes _______, _______, and _____
red algae
green algae
embryophytes
Green Algae includes ______ and ______
chlorophytes and charaphyceans
___________ are closest relatives and likely ancestors for bryophytes
Charophycean algae
____________ include non-vascular plants (bryophytes, liverworts, mosses)
Embryophytes (land plants)
How does external digestion work?
Release of enzymes that break down molecules
Plasmogamy
Fusion of 2 monokaryotic mycelium, nuclei DO NOT fuse together
When formed, becomes dikaryotic (n+n)
Basidiospore have ________ in the basidium
Septa
Mycelium is a collection of __________ cells
Hyphal
Hyphae
Filamentous fungal cells
Spermagonia produce __________
Receptive hyphae
What spore transfers from alternate host to primary
Aeciospores
In the rust cycle, where does karyogamy take place
Teliospores
Results in 2n, then meiosis occurs and results in n
Female mating type of Ascomycota
Ascogonium
Male mating type of Ascomycota
Antheridium
Ascomycota have ______ hyphae with _____ pores and a presence of _______ bodies
Septate
simple
Woronin
T/F Conidial stage is asexual
TRUE
What is the latent period
A period of time when no symptoms occur from eating a poisonous mushroom
Mycoheterotrophs
Fungus eating plant
How do fungus get their nutrition?
Heterotrophic absorbers, can function either as saprophytes, parasites, or mutualistic symbionts.
What is the primary storage polysaccharide of fungus?
Glycogen
Coenocytic Mycelium
Hyphae lacks partitions, so nucleus flows around freely
