Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Poultry Pathology Practical > Practical 4 - Eggs and newly hatched birds > Flashcards

Practical 4 - Eggs and newly hatched birds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal parameters of an egg:

A

– Shape and size of the egg
– Color of the eggshell
– The yolk material
– Layers of the albumen
– Shell membranes and egg shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different layers of an egg, from outer to inner.

A

Shell
Outer membrane
Air cell
Inner membrane
Albumin (the egg whites)
Yolk (which is held in place by the Chalaza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is there a difference in the shape gos size of eggs?

A

Due to different species and the size caries by age, pullets age are smaller.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we examine the shape and size of the egg?

A

It influences hatchability and only standard egg can be hatched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Often on a egg, we can see a needle point, why is that?

A

due to vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is the colour of the eggs sometimes different?

A

The colour varies between species.

the uterus plays a role, it is genetically determined and it varies by breeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can the uterus play a role in the colour of the egg shell?

A

The pigmentation of the shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pigmentation of the egg called?

A

protoporfirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes the egg to be white?

A

Decreased production of protoporfirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes the egg to be green?

A

Biliverdin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do we examine the colour of the egg?

A

Severe deviation from the standard color usually
results in bad hatchability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What to examine of a yolk?

A

Colour and localization of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What colour is the yolk?

A

Yellow to orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines the colour of the yolk?

A

The colour depends on the feed, high fat and protein content and high IgY contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where should the yolk be located?

A

In the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the albumen?

A

the white part inside the shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the different layers of the albumen

A

Outer layer and Inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the outer layer of the albumin contain?

A

Thin protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the inner layer of albumin contain?

A

High viscosity protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the outer layer of albumin look like?

A

Transparent, glass-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the inner layer of albumin look like, and why?

A

Yellowish-white due to aminoacid, water and
mineral store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What holds the yolk in the centre?

A

Chalaza

It is formed in the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can a rupture of the chalaza cause?

A

Lead to embryonic death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the shell membrane?

A

The layers between the albumen and the shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many layers does the shell membrane have?

A

Two, with air cell between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the name of the two layers in the shell membrane?

A

Outer and inner shell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When does the air cell develop?

A

During laying of the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Can the air cell change size?

A

Yes, it changes according to the age of the egg. It becomes bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What makes the egg shell hard?

A

Calcium salt particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How many different layers does the egg shell have?

A

Mamillary layer
Spongy layer
Outer cuticle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the mamillary layer of the egg shell?

A

Formed from calcit crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the spongy layer of the egg shell?

A

contains 94% calcium-carbonate

It determines the thickness and weight of the shell, and contain pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the outer layer of the egg shell?

A

Contans glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When do we examine the egg by candling and what does it mean?

A

Before and during hatching.

We hold the egg up to a light, so we can see through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do we examine the egg before hatching?

A

To determine hatchability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why do we examine the egg during hatching?

A

To determine the fertility

At the end of the hatching period, we remove the eggs that contain dead chick embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Outer paramteres to be examined before hatching:

A

– Shape
– Size
– Color
– Incidental deformities
– Contaminations
– Injuries
– Size of air cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name some abnormal shapes of an egg:

A

– Spherical
– Extremely elongated
– spindle-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What can cause an egg to have an abnormal shape?

A
  • Inbreeding
  • Too early breeding
  • Infectious disease such as egg drop syndrome and Infectious Bronchitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What can cause an egg to have a smaller size than normal?

A

The layers are too young or too old, there could also be a severe dietic problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What can cause an egg to have a larger size than normal?

A

Too much protein can cause very big egg, it its only relative big it can indicate the geese has been taken in to breeding at a too young age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

If there is blood on the egg shell, what can that indicate?

A

Rupture of the vaginal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What kind of alterations of the colour in egg can we see?

A

Pigmented egg or alteration in colour pattern or missing pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is hypopigmentation?

A

Hypopigmentation is caused by an infectious disease, and occurs at the ned of the hatching period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many incidental deformities of an egg do we know?

A

Maldevelopment of the eggshell

Irregular eggshell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Maldevelopment of the eggshell, name examples:

A

skin-shelled egg

irregular and roughened eggshells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What causes skin-shelled egg?

A

EDS (Egg drop syndrome) and inadequate mineral supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what causes irregular and roughened eggshells?

A

Called “wrinkeled” eggs.
Caused by a a coronaviral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What causes irregular eggshell?

A

Chronic inflammation in the uterus

50
Q

Name inappropriate nestes:

A

Too small, too few, high salt content in the feed, low quality litter

51
Q

Why are duck egg always dirty and can cause contamination?

A

the ground of the yard + water = „mud” and the mud is spread with the legs.

52
Q

What can cause injuries to the egg?

A

– Nest problems / the slope of the cage floor

– Dietetic problems – vitamin D, calcium supplementation

53
Q

What type of injuries to the egg is often seen?

A

Fissures or depression.

54
Q

What is important to prevent injuries?

A

Thickness of the shell

55
Q

How can we examine the size of the air cell?

A

With candling.

56
Q

If the size of the air cell is increased, what does it indicate?

A

the air cell refers to the age of the egg, if it is increased, it could be a result of storage problem such as humidity.

57
Q

What can cause embryonic death in the first trimester?

A
  • Problems related to the parent flock
  • Problems during egg building
  • Problems during storage
  • Technical problems during hatching
  • Diseases
58
Q

What type of Problems related to the parent flock can cause embryonic death?

A

Genetic defects

59
Q

What type of Problems during egg building can cause embryonic death?

A

– Vitamin deficiency
– Inadequate calcium supply
– Mycotoxins

60
Q

What type of Problems during storage can cause embryonic death?

A

– Temperature
– Humidity
– Turning during storage

61
Q

What type of Technical problems during hatching can cause embryonic death?

A
62
Q

What type of diseases can cause embryonic death?

A

Mycoplasma iowae

Viruses, bacteria (fungi)

63
Q

What will cause a mixed rottening of a dead embryo?

A

– Effect of mycotoxins
– Thin content in the egg
– Rupture of the yolk membrane
– Mixed content
- Overgrowth of bacteria

64
Q

If there is an overgrowth of bacteria, what is produced and what happens to the egg?

A

hydrogen sulfide is produced

We can see:
» Color change
» Odor

65
Q

How do we examine a dud egg?

A
  • External examination
  • Open at the air cell; Where the beak is
  • Opening the membranes
  • Examination of the egg content
66
Q

What is a dud egg?

A

Egg that hasn’t been hatched due to dead chick or it was simply not fertilized.

67
Q

During the external examination, what do we look for around hathicng?

A

We look for any opening on the shell as sign of hatching

68
Q

When examining the content, what do we do?

A

Examine the membranes, the yolk and we dissect the embryo

69
Q

During examination of membranes, what do we check for?

A

Presence of faeces and the state of blood vessles

70
Q

During examination of yolk, what do we check for?

A

If it is absorbed or not, and the change in quality

71
Q

what type of pathological lesions can we see on the emrbyo?

A
  • Edema and hemorrhage on the neck
  • Shortening and deformation of the leg bones
  • Beak problems
72
Q

What can be a cause of Edema and hemorrhage on the neck?

A
  • Low temperature in the hatchery
  • Mycotoxins (in the feed of the layer)
73
Q

What can be a cause of Shortening and deformation of the leg bones?

A

Lack of biotin

74
Q

What can be a cause of beak problems?

A

Genetic factors and mycotoxins

75
Q

How old is the bird if we say newly hatched bird?

A

Hatching-10 day old

76
Q

How can we recognize the different species?

A

Weight
Constitution
Shape of the head, the beak and special structures on the head such as comb or wattles

77
Q

How do we examine the newly hatched birds?

A

– Bodyweight, state of development
– Skin, orifices, beak
– check the navel
– Dissection

78
Q

Name diseases that is commonly seen in newly hatched birds:

A
  • „Mushy chick” disease
  • Starving/thirsting
  • Spread leg syndrome
  • Respiration exsiccosis
  • „Gout” in day-old birds
  • Bezoar in the gizzard
  • Technopathies
  • Ulcer in the proventriculus
  • Rickets
  • Salt poisoning
  • Carbon monoxide/dioxide poisoning
  • Duck viral hepatitis
  • Bacterial enteritides
  • Air sac and pneumomycosis
79
Q

What is another name for muschy chich disease?

A

Omphalitis

80
Q

What is Omphalitis?

A

It is a noncontagious infection of the navel and/or yolk sac in young poultry

81
Q

what causes omphalitis?

A

Non-infectious causes could be due to inadequate nutrition of the layer flock, bad egg handling or errors during hatching

82
Q

Pathological findings of mushy chick disease?

A

– Bodyweight, fat depots
– Unhealed (open) navel
– Inflammation of the yolk sac

83
Q

What is the spread leg syndrome?

A

One or both legs slip out to the sides making them unable to stand or walk

84
Q

What is the cause of Spread leg syndrome?

A

It is not known, could be due to slippery floor, humidity.

85
Q

Clinical symptoms of Spread leg syndrome:

A

Unsteady chicks and the legs are spread.

86
Q

Pathological finding of Spread leg syndrome:

A

No pathological lesions seen, but in histopathology we see dystrophy of the leg muscles

87
Q

Name Technopathies of newly hatched birds

A

Wet feathers
Cooling off

Causing no thermoregulation

88
Q

What is respiration exsiccosis?

A

Insufficient intake of air

89
Q

Who is more prone to develop Respiration exsiccosis?

A

Pheasant and tyrkeys, on day 1-4

90
Q

What cause Respiration exsiccosis?

A

High temperature and low humidity

91
Q

Pathological findings of Respiration exsiccosis:

A
  • Decreased bodyweight
  • Sunken eyes
  • Dry, sticky subcutaneous connective tissue
  • Less blood
  • No time for kidney lesions
92
Q

Pathological findings if the bird was starving:

A

No food in the crop and/or gizzard

93
Q

Pathological findings if the bird was thirsting:

A
  • Sunken eyes
  • Wrinkled skin on the legs
  • Dark brownred skeletal muscles
94
Q

What causes “gout” in newly hatched birds?

A
  • Degeneration in the kidney during hatching
  • Cold during transport
  • thirsting that wasn’t lethal
  • Viruses
95
Q

What causes Degeneration in the kidney
during hatching?

A

Vitamin A deficiency and mycotoxins

96
Q

Pathological findings in case of “gout” in newly hatched birds:

A

Urate deposition and kidney lesions

97
Q

What is Bezoar in the gizzard?

A

It is a tightly packed collection of partially digested or undigested materia

98
Q

What causes Bezoar in the gizzard?

A

If there is no fibres in the feed and they start to eat the litter straw

99
Q

Pathological findings of Bezoar in the gizzard:

A
  • Pseudoconcretion in the gizzard
  • Exsiccosis
  • Starving, emaciation
100
Q

Who is more prone to develop Ulcer in the proventriculus?

A

Species that are more stress sensitive

101
Q

What causes Ulcer in the proventriculus?

A

– Stress
– Does not eat
– Bleeding
– Hydrochloric acid causes erosions n the border of the proventriculus and gizzard

102
Q

Pathological findings of Ulcer in the proventriculus:

A
  • Anemia
  • Blood in the lumen of the stomachs
  • Melena, black content in the colorectum
103
Q

How can stress cause Ulcer in the proventriculus?

A

Histamine is increased, causing erosion/ulcer. If they erupt they will cause bleeding and we have Posthemorrhagic anemia

104
Q

What is salt poisoning in newly hatched birds?

A

caused by ingestion of excessive amounts of salt

105
Q

What is the cause of salt poisoning in newly hatched birds?

A

Too big salt crystals

106
Q

Clinical symptoms of salt poisoning:

A

central nervous symptoms

107
Q

Pathological findings of salt posoning

A

– Necrosis in the cerebellum, malatia
– Edema of the meninges

108
Q

What is Carbon monoxide/dioxide poisoning?

A

induces breathlessness – a subjective distress in breathing known as dyspnea

109
Q

What causes Carbon monoxide/dioxide
poisoning?

A
  • Malfunctioning heating system
  • Inappropriate exhaust
110
Q

Pathological findings of Carbon monoxide/dioxide
poisoning:

A
  • High mortality
  • Hyperemia-edema in the lung ONLY
111
Q

What is the duck viral hepatitis?

A

It is an acute infectious disease affecting young ducklings. It is associated with high mortality and characteristic liver lesions

112
Q

What causes Duck viral hepatitis?

A
  • Picornaviridae
    – Astroviridae
    – Hepadnaviridae
113
Q

How is the bird infected with Duck viral hepatitis?

A

Excreated via faeces, infected orally.

114
Q

Clinical signs of Duck viral hepatitis?

A

Ataxy, opisthotonus (central nervous symptoms)

115
Q

Pathological findings of Duck viral hepatitis?

A

yellow liver with hemorrhages

Cholangiohepatitis, liver dystrophy

116
Q

What is Bacterial enteritides?

A

Bacterial infection of the GI-tract

117
Q

What causes Bacterial enteritides?

A

Proliferation of coliform bacteria in the water

118
Q

How does the bacterual enteritides occur?

A

It is rarely independent, its often due to inadequate hygiene of the drinker and too high temperature
in the stable.

119
Q

Pathological findings of Bacterial enteritides:

A

Acute mucoid enteritis

120
Q

What causes pneumomycosis?

A

Mouldy litter

121
Q

The pathogenesis of pneumomycosis:

A

We have mouldy litter and the bird inhales the dust through the spores causing a serous inflammation. After some days we have granuloma formation.

Poultry Pathology Practical (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions