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Poultry Pathology Practical > Practical 1 - Broilers > Flashcards

Practical 1 - Broilers Flashcards

1
Q

Name some diseases that can affect the broilers

A
  • Enteric disease (ED)
  • Respiratory diseases
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2
Q

What is a broiler?

A

chickens that are raised for meat

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3
Q

What is enteric disease?

A

A disease that is caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites that cause intestinal illness

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4
Q

What are clinical symptoms of enteric disease?

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Poor production, it will fail to grow
  • huddling (crowd together)
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5
Q

What is the cause of enteric disease?

A

Multifactorial due to viruses:
- Astroviridae
- Coronaviridae
- Reoviridae
- Rotaviridae
- Parvoviridae

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6
Q

Name some pathogenesis of the enteric disease

A
  • Dilated, thin-walled intestines.
  • Villus degeneration
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7
Q

What will dilateed, thin-walled intestines cause?

A

– Changes in the quality of the content (thin, mucous, or foamy content, undigested feed in the distal part of the intestinal tract)
– Deficiencies

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8
Q

What is the villi?

A

small finger-like projections, that allows for rapid absorption of digestion products

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9
Q

What will villus degeneration cause?

A

Destruction of the epithelium and reduced functional surface

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10
Q

during the villus degeneration, what causes the reduced functional surface

A

Villus denudation and villus atrophy/fusion

Villus atrophy = the villi erode away, leaving a flat surface

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11
Q

Which areas are affected by the coccidiosis?

A

different species invading different sites along the
digestive tract, in different depth

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12
Q

Name diseases that is an enteric disease:

A
  • Runting-Stunting Syndrome (RSS)
  • Malabsorption syndrome (MAS)
  • Infectious stunting syndrome (ISS)
  • Pale bird syndrome
  • Helicopter disease
  • Brittle bone disease
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13
Q

What is the pale bird syndrome?

A

The legs are pale due to impaired carotene absorption

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14
Q

What is the helicopter disease?

A

Abnormalities of the feathering

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15
Q

What is the brittle bone disease?

A

Refers to disorders of the bone formation, due to decreased calcium absorption

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16
Q

What is the intestinal gland called?

A

The crypt

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17
Q

In a normal interstinal mucosa, what is the ratio betwen crypt and villus? crypt:villus

A

1:7

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18
Q

Due to diarrhoea in broilers, what is a common sight in them?

A

Pododermatitis. Often associated with wet litter (caused by darrhoea)

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19
Q

If a broiler is dehydrated, what can it cause? and how is it seen pathologically?

A

Renal degeneration

Enlarged, pale kidneys or it has a tubular pattern

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20
Q

Name other enteric diseases:

A
  • Necrotic enteritis
  • Coccidosis
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21
Q

Which bacteria causes necrotic enteritis?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type A or C

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22
Q

where is clostridium perfringens found?

A

commonly found in soil and water, and in the intestines and feces of normal birds

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23
Q

Which age does the necrotic enteritis normally affect?

A

2-5 weeks of age

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24
Q

What is coccidiosis?

A

A disease caused by infections with a highly contagious intestinal parasite of the genus Eimeria

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25
Q

What is coccidiosis?

A

A disease caused by infections with a highly contagious intestinal parasite of the genus Eimeria

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26
Q

Which areas are affectd by the coccidiosis?

A

different species invading different sites along the
digestive tract, in different depth

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27
Q

Which Eimeria spp affects the small intestines?

A

E. necatrix

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28
Q

Which Eimeria spp affects the caeaca?

A

E. tenella

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29
Q

Which Eimeria spp affects the distal small intestines and the large intestines?

A

E. brunetti

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30
Q

What can be seen in case of E. necatrix?

A

Haemorrhagic enteritis
Flaccid, distended small intestines
Thin, bloody-mucusy content
Haemorrhages and pinpoint-sized greyish-white foci on the mucosa (salt and pepper appearance)

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31
Q

Which bacteria has the salt and pepper appearance?

A

Eimeria necatrix

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32
Q

What can be seen in case of E. tenellla?

A

Distended caeca
Thickened mucosa
Bloody content
Later caseous content and fibrotic submucosa

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33
Q

What can be seen in case of E. brunetti?

A

Fribrious-haemorrhaigc enteritis

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34
Q

Name examples of respiratory dieases of broilers

A

Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV)
Avian rhinotracheitis (ART)
Infectious bronchitis
Mycoplasmosis
Colicobacillosis
Ornithobacteriosis

35
Q

Which virus causes the avian Metapneumovirus?

A

Paramyxoviridae

36
Q

How are they affected by aMPV and which age is normally affected?

A

Infection via inhalation.

3-12 weeks of age is affected

37
Q

If there is a secondary bacterial infection of avian Metapneumovirus, what is seen?

A

Swollen head syndrome (SHS)

38
Q

What is the swollen head syndrome due to?

A

Sinusitis and cellulitis

39
Q

what are clinical symptoms of avian Metapneumovirus?

A

Sneezing, nasal discharge and head shaking

40
Q

If the avian Metapneumovirus gets worse, what can we observe?

A
  • Rhinotracheitis
    – Airsacculitis
    – Peritonitis
41
Q

Which is a common secondary infectious agent on avian rhinotracheitis/avian Metapneumovirus?

A

E. colli

42
Q

Name some respiratory diseases in broiler chickens that are notifiable diseases:

A

Avian influenza
Newcastle disease

43
Q

What kind of symptoms can be seen in case of avian influenza?

A

Haemorrhages

44
Q

What kind of symptoms can be seen in case of newcastle disease?

A

Central nervous symptoms

45
Q

What is Infectious bronchitis?

A

It is an acute, highly contagious disease which affects the respiratory tract, gut, kidney and reproductive systems

46
Q

Which virus family causes infectious bronchitis?

A

Coronaviridae

47
Q

What is the pathogenesis (manner of development) of Infectious bronchitis?

A

Infection via inhalation, it replicates and attach the harderian gland and the epithelia of trachea, kidney and oviduct

48
Q

Name some clinical symptoms of infectious bronchitis

A

High mortality - 0-20%

49
Q

What kind of lesions can be caused by the coronavirus in broiler chickens?

A

(Infectious bronchitis)

  • Respiratory symptoms
  • Nephritis
  • Proventriculitis
50
Q

What is nephritis?

A

A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood

51
Q

What is proventriculitis?

A

Inflammation to the proventriculus

52
Q

In layer flocks, what can happen in case of infectious bronchitis?

A

Can result in egg-laying disorders and “false-layers”

53
Q

What is mycoplasmosis?

A

A respiratory disease

54
Q

Name two different types of mycoplasma in broilers

A

Mycoplasma Gallisepticum
Mycoplasma Synoviae

55
Q

What is mycoplasma Gallisepticum?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the most common upper respiratory infection

56
Q

What is mycoplasma Synoviae?

A

Mycoplasma synoviae causes infectious synovitis and respiratory diseases

57
Q

How is the mycoplasmosis spread?

A

Vertical and horisontal

horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation, while vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring

58
Q

Which clinical symptoms can we see in M.Gallisepticum?

A

Respiratory symptoms

59
Q

Which clinical symptoms can we see in M.Synoviae?

A

Respiratory symptoms and enlarged joints.

60
Q

In flock, which clinical symptoms can we see in mycoplasmosis?

A

We can see decreased egg production and decreased hatchability.

61
Q

In pathology, what can we see in case of mycoplasmosis?

A
  • Respiratory lesions, such as sinusitis, arisacculitis
    – Arthritis, tenosynovitis, bursitis
    – Serositis
    – Inflammation of the oviduct (juvenile)
    – Septicaemia
62
Q

What is colicobacillosis?

A

Its any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia colii

63
Q

Name different forms/diseases of colibacilosis:

A
  • Omphalitis (inflammation of the navel)
  • Speticaemia
  • Swollen head syndrom
  • Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD)
64
Q

Name the predisposing factors of chronic respiratory disease

A
  • Infectious factors, such as ammonia, alkaline pH
  • Non-infectious factors, such as myoplasma spp
65
Q

What is Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

A

A respiratory disease, caused by the Flavobacteriaceae.

66
Q

Which age is mainly being affected by the Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

A

3-4 weeks of age of chickens, at the peak of the production layer in flocks.

67
Q

What are the predisposing factors of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

A
  • Chicken anaemia virus (CAV)
  • Gumboro disease or Infectious bursal disease (IBDV)
  • Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
  • Feed containing mycotoxin
  • Unsuitable environment
68
Q

What is an unsuitable environment for broiler chickens?

A

high stocking density, poor litter,
inadequate ventilation, high ammonia concentration, poor hygiene

69
Q

Clinical symptoms of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

A

Depression, decreased feed and water intake. We can also see respiratory symptoms, such as nasal discharge and difficult breathing.

70
Q

Which pathologically signs can we see in Ornithobacteriosis?

A

Catarrhal rhinitis - Mucosy content on the airways
Serous airsuccilitis - Foamy content in the airsacs

71
Q

Name some major non-infectious diseases

A
  • Tibial Dyschondroplasia (TD)
  • Sternal bursitis
  • Deep pectoral myopathy
  • Ascites syndrome/Pulmonary
    Hypertension Syndrome
72
Q

What is the Tibial Dyschondroplasia?

A

It is a cone of abnormal cartilage formed in the metaphysis of the tibiae.
It is painful and in severe cases the tibiotarsus can be bendt.

73
Q

Name some factors that can cause Tibial Dyschondroplasia

A

It is multifactoral:

  • Genetic selection (rapid growth is the major cause of tibial dyschondroplasia)
  • Inadequate calcium/phosphorus ratio in the diet
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Mycotoxicosis
74
Q

What is sternal bursitis?

A

Breast blisters

75
Q

How does sternal bursitis occur?

A
  • It is associated with repeated injuries to
    the breast bone area (eg. lameness – ventral
    recumbency)

– it can be caused by Mycoplasma synoviae infection

76
Q

What is Deep pectoral myopathy?

A

Necrosis of the supracoracoid muscle (large breast muscle) due to ischaemia. Usually affects the meat type chickens and turkeys.

It can be both unilateral or bilateral

77
Q

What can we see in case of Deep pectoral myopathy?

A

Initially pale and swollen from edema, later green in
color and dry

78
Q

What are some predisposing factors of Deep pectoral myopathy?

A
  • Increased wing flapping, example due to rough handling.
  • Inadequate muscle vasculature
79
Q

What do we do with the muscles affected by muscle myopathy?

A

We throw it away. Cannot be used for food.

80
Q

What is ascites syndrome?

A

It is a spectrum of physiological and metabolic changes leading to the excess accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity

81
Q

In case of ascites syndrome, what can we observe?

A
  • Excessive accumulation of transudate fluid within the peritoneal spaces
  • Cardiac enlargement
  • Dilated right ventricle
  • Right-sided heart failure
82
Q

At what age is it most common for the broilersY to be affected by ascites?

A

5-6 weeks of age

83
Q

What is ascites syndrome caused by?

A

Caused by pulmonary hypertension due to rapid growth and higher oxygen demand

84
Q

Name some factors that can cause Ascites syndrome

A
  • Environmental factors
  • Diet
  • Genetic
  • Altitude
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Light program

Poultry Pathology Practical (10 decks)

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