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Poultry Pathology Practical > Practical 1 - Broilers > Flashcards

Practical 1 - Broilers Flashcards

1
Q

Name some diseases that can affect the broilers

A
  • Enteric disease (ED)
  • Respiratory diseases
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2
Q

What is a broiler?

A

chickens that are raised for meat

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3
Q

What is enteric disease?

A

A disease that is caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites that cause intestinal illness

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4
Q

What are clinical symptoms of enteric disease?

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Poor production, it will fail to grow
  • huddling (crowd together)
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5
Q

What is the cause of enteric disease?

A

Multifactorial due to viruses:
- Astroviridae
- Coronaviridae
- Reoviridae
- Rotaviridae
- Parvoviridae

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6
Q

Name some pathogenesis of the enteric disease

A
  • Dilated, thin-walled intestines.
  • Villus degeneration
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7
Q

What will dilateed, thin-walled intestines cause?

A

– Changes in the quality of the content (thin, mucous, or foamy content, undigested feed in the distal part of the intestinal tract)
– Deficiencies

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8
Q

What is the villi?

A

small finger-like projections, that allows for rapid absorption of digestion products

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9
Q

What will villus degeneration cause?

A

Destruction of the epithelium and reduced functional surface

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10
Q

during the villus degeneration, what causes the reduced functional surface

A

Villus denudation and villus atrophy/fusion

Villus atrophy = the villi erode away, leaving a flat surface

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11
Q

Which areas are affected by the coccidiosis?

A

different species invading different sites along the
digestive tract, in different depth

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12
Q

Name diseases that is an enteric disease:

A
  • Runting-Stunting Syndrome (RSS)
  • Malabsorption syndrome (MAS)
  • Infectious stunting syndrome (ISS)
  • Pale bird syndrome
  • Helicopter disease
  • Brittle bone disease
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13
Q

What is the pale bird syndrome?

A

The legs are pale due to impaired carotene absorption

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14
Q

What is the helicopter disease?

A

Abnormalities of the feathering

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15
Q

What is the brittle bone disease?

A

Refers to disorders of the bone formation, due to decreased calcium absorption

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16
Q

What is the intestinal gland called?

A

The crypt

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17
Q

In a normal interstinal mucosa, what is the ratio betwen crypt and villus? crypt:villus

A

1:7

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18
Q

Due to diarrhoea in broilers, what is a common sight in them?

A

Pododermatitis. Often associated with wet litter (caused by darrhoea)

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19
Q

If a broiler is dehydrated, what can it cause? and how is it seen pathologically?

A

Renal degeneration

Enlarged, pale kidneys or it has a tubular pattern

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20
Q

Name other enteric diseases:

A
  • Necrotic enteritis
  • Coccidosis
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21
Q

Which bacteria causes necrotic enteritis?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type A or C

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22
Q

where is clostridium perfringens found?

A

commonly found in soil and water, and in the intestines and feces of normal birds

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23
Q

Which age does the necrotic enteritis normally affect?

A

2-5 weeks of age

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24
Q

What is coccidiosis?

A

A disease caused by infections with a highly contagious intestinal parasite of the genus Eimeria

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25
What is coccidiosis?
A disease caused by infections with a highly contagious intestinal parasite of the genus Eimeria
26
Which areas are affectd by the coccidiosis?
different species invading different sites along the digestive tract, in different depth
27
Which Eimeria spp affects the small intestines?
E. necatrix
28
Which Eimeria spp affects the caeaca?
E. tenella
29
Which Eimeria spp affects the distal small intestines and the large intestines?
E. brunetti
30
What can be seen in case of E. necatrix?
Haemorrhagic enteritis Flaccid, distended small intestines Thin, bloody-mucusy content Haemorrhages and pinpoint-sized greyish-white foci on the mucosa (salt and pepper appearance)
31
Which bacteria has the salt and pepper appearance?
Eimeria necatrix
32
What can be seen in case of E. tenellla?
Distended caeca Thickened mucosa Bloody content Later caseous content and fibrotic submucosa
33
What can be seen in case of E. brunetti?
Fribrious-haemorrhaigc enteritis
34
Name examples of respiratory dieases of broilers
Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) Avian rhinotracheitis (ART) Infectious bronchitis Mycoplasmosis Colicobacillosis Ornithobacteriosis
35
Which virus causes the avian Metapneumovirus?
Paramyxoviridae
36
How are they affected by aMPV and which age is normally affected?
Infection via inhalation. 3-12 weeks of age is affected
37
If there is a secondary bacterial infection of avian Metapneumovirus, what is seen?
Swollen head syndrome (SHS)
38
What is the swollen head syndrome due to?
Sinusitis and cellulitis
39
what are clinical symptoms of avian Metapneumovirus?
Sneezing, nasal discharge and head shaking
40
If the avian Metapneumovirus gets worse, what can we observe?
- Rhinotracheitis – Airsacculitis – Peritonitis
41
Which is a common secondary infectious agent on avian rhinotracheitis/avian Metapneumovirus?
E. colli
42
Name some respiratory diseases in broiler chickens that are notifiable diseases:
Avian influenza Newcastle disease
43
What kind of symptoms can be seen in case of avian influenza?
Haemorrhages
44
What kind of symptoms can be seen in case of newcastle disease?
Central nervous symptoms
45
What is Infectious bronchitis?
It is an acute, highly contagious disease which affects the respiratory tract, gut, kidney and reproductive systems
46
Which virus family causes infectious bronchitis?
Coronaviridae
47
What is the pathogenesis (manner of development) of Infectious bronchitis?
Infection via inhalation, it replicates and attach the harderian gland and the epithelia of trachea, kidney and oviduct
48
Name some clinical symptoms of infectious bronchitis
High mortality - 0-20%
49
What kind of lesions can be caused by the coronavirus in broiler chickens?
(Infectious bronchitis) - Respiratory symptoms - Nephritis - Proventriculitis
50
What is nephritis?
A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood
51
What is proventriculitis?
Inflammation to the proventriculus
52
In layer flocks, what can happen in case of infectious bronchitis?
Can result in egg-laying disorders and "false-layers"
53
What is mycoplasmosis?
A respiratory disease
54
Name two different types of mycoplasma in broilers
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Mycoplasma Synoviae
55
What is mycoplasma Gallisepticum?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the most common upper respiratory infection
56
What is mycoplasma Synoviae?
Mycoplasma synoviae causes infectious synovitis and respiratory diseases
57
How is the mycoplasmosis spread?
Vertical and horisontal horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation, while vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring
58
Which clinical symptoms can we see in M.Gallisepticum?
Respiratory symptoms
59
Which clinical symptoms can we see in M.Synoviae?
Respiratory symptoms and enlarged joints.
60
In flock, which clinical symptoms can we see in mycoplasmosis?
We can see decreased egg production and decreased hatchability.
61
In pathology, what can we see in case of mycoplasmosis?
- Respiratory lesions, such as sinusitis, arisacculitis – Arthritis, tenosynovitis, bursitis – Serositis – Inflammation of the oviduct (juvenile) – Septicaemia
62
What is colicobacillosis?
Its any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia colii
63
Name different forms/diseases of colibacilosis:
- Omphalitis (inflammation of the navel) - Speticaemia - Swollen head syndrom - Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD)
64
Name the predisposing factors of chronic respiratory disease
- Infectious factors, such as ammonia, alkaline pH - Non-infectious factors, such as myoplasma spp
65
What is Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?
A respiratory disease, caused by the Flavobacteriaceae.
66
Which age is mainly being affected by the Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
3-4 weeks of age of chickens, at the peak of the production layer in flocks.
67
What are the predisposing factors of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?
- Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) - Gumboro disease or Infectious bursal disease (IBDV) - Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) - Feed containing mycotoxin - Unsuitable environment
68
What is an unsuitable environment for broiler chickens?
high stocking density, poor litter, inadequate ventilation, high ammonia concentration, poor hygiene
69
Clinical symptoms of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
Depression, decreased feed and water intake. We can also see respiratory symptoms, such as nasal discharge and difficult breathing.
70
Which pathologically signs can we see in Ornithobacteriosis?
Catarrhal rhinitis - Mucosy content on the airways Serous airsuccilitis - Foamy content in the airsacs
71
Name some major non-infectious diseases
- Tibial Dyschondroplasia (TD) - Sternal bursitis - Deep pectoral myopathy - Ascites syndrome/Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome
72
What is the Tibial Dyschondroplasia?
It is a cone of abnormal cartilage formed in the metaphysis of the tibiae. It is painful and in severe cases the tibiotarsus can be bendt.
73
Name some factors that can cause Tibial Dyschondroplasia
It is multifactoral: * Genetic selection (rapid growth is the major cause of tibial dyschondroplasia) * Inadequate calcium/phosphorus ratio in the diet * Metabolic acidosis * Mycotoxicosis
74
What is sternal bursitis?
Breast blisters
75
How does sternal bursitis occur?
- It is associated with repeated injuries to the breast bone area (eg. lameness – ventral recumbency) – it can be caused by Mycoplasma synoviae infection
76
What is Deep pectoral myopathy?
Necrosis of the supracoracoid muscle (large breast muscle) due to ischaemia. Usually affects the meat type chickens and turkeys. It can be both unilateral or bilateral
77
What can we see in case of Deep pectoral myopathy?
Initially pale and swollen from edema, later green in color and dry
78
What are some predisposing factors of Deep pectoral myopathy?
- Increased wing flapping, example due to rough handling. - Inadequate muscle vasculature
79
What do we do with the muscles affected by muscle myopathy?
We throw it away. Cannot be used for food.
80
What is ascites syndrome?
It is a spectrum of physiological and metabolic changes leading to the excess accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity
81
In case of ascites syndrome, what can we observe?
- Excessive accumulation of transudate fluid within the peritoneal spaces - Cardiac enlargement - Dilated right ventricle - Right-sided heart failure
82
At what age is it most common for the broilersY to be affected by ascites?
5-6 weeks of age
83
What is ascites syndrome caused by?
Caused by pulmonary hypertension due to rapid growth and higher oxygen demand
84
Name some factors that can cause Ascites syndrome
- Environmental factors - Diet - Genetic - Altitude - Respiratory diseases - Light program

Poultry Pathology Practical (10 decks)

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