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Poultry Pathology Practical > Practical 2 - Layers > Flashcards

Practical 2 - Layers Flashcards

1
Q

Name diseases of laying poultry

A
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Inflammatory-necrotic foci
  • Tumours
  • Fatty infiltration of the liver
  • Anaemia
  • Cannibalism
  • Lesions of the ovary and oviduct
  • Diseases connected to egg building
  • Calcium tetany
  • Caged layer fatigue
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2
Q

At which age does the egg-laying start?

A

16-18 week of age

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3
Q

At which age does the egg-laying end?

A

65-70 weeks of age, some up to 90 weeks of age.

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4
Q

Name respiratory disease of laying poultry

A
  • Same as broiler chickens
  • Infectious laryngotracheitis
  • Infectious coryza
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5
Q

What is infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

is an acute, highly contagious, herpesvirus infection

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6
Q

What causes infectious laryngotracheitis?

A
  • Herpesviridae
  • Alphaherpesvirinae
  • Iltovirus
  • Gallid herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV‐1)
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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

In flock it is aerogenic and its transmitted by droplets.

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8
Q

What are clinical signs of Infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

Upper respiratory symptoms such as noisy breathing and they keep their beak open

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9
Q

Pathological findings of Infectious laryngotracheitis

A

Rhinitis and laryngotracheitis

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10
Q

What is Infectious coryza?

A

It is an acute respiratory disease

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11
Q

What causes Infectious coryza?

A

Avibacterium paragallinarum

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Infectious coryza?

A

In flock it is transmitted through inhalation

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13
Q

Clinical signs of Infectious coryza

A

Nasal dicsharge and conjunctivitis

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14
Q

What is the first symptom of Infectious coryza?

A

Conjunctivis

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15
Q

What are pathological findings of Infectious coryza?

A

Conjunctivitis and sinusitis

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16
Q

Name diseases that can cause Inflammatory-necrotic foci in the livers of laying hens

A
  • Septicemia
  • Tuberculosis
  • Coligranulomatosis
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17
Q

Which diseases can cause septicemia?

A
  • campylobacteriosis
  • salmonellosis
  • fowl cholera
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18
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

chronic bacterial infection

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19
Q

Which virus causes tuberculosis in laying hens?

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium

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20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?

A

It is transmitted by inhalation. There are primary lesions in the intestines and foci in the bone marrow.

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21
Q

Clinical signs of tuberculosis

A

Emaciation and anaemia, and other symptoms according to which organs the lesions are.

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22
Q

which pathological findings can we observe in case of tuberculosis?

A

Foci in different sizes.
Ziehl-Neelsen negative

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23
Q

What is Coligranulomatosis?

A

It is an infectious disease caused by a coliform bacillus

24
Q

In which disease of laying hens is escherichia coli involved?

A

– Omphalitis
– Septicaemia
– Swollen head syndrome
– Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRD)
- Coligranulomatosis

25
Q

What are the pathological findings of Coligranulomatosis?

A

Foci of smaller sizes
Not present in the bone marrow
Ziehl-Neelsen negative

26
Q

Name tumours of non-infectious origin

A

mesothelioma

27
Q

Name tumours of infectious origin and which virus they are caused by:

A

Leukosis/sarcoma group = Retroviridae

Marek’s disease = Herpesviridae

Reticuloendotheliosis = Retroviridae

28
Q

What is fatty infiltration of the liver?

A

It is characterized by a sudden mortality, a decrease in egg production and large amounts of fat in the liver found during necropsy

29
Q

Name a disease of Fatty infiltration of the liver

A

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)

30
Q

In which type of poultry does Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) occur?

A

In layers, and sometimes broilers

31
Q

What are some causes of Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)?

A

» Lack of lipotropic factors
» High‐energy diets
» Restricted exercise
» Most common during hot weather

32
Q

What are clinical signs of Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)?

A

Can also be seen as pathological findings:

» Higher concentrations of estradiol in the plasma
» Fragile, degenerated liver

33
Q

What is the consequence of Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)?

A

Rupture of the liver and bleeding into the body cavity

34
Q

What is anaemia?

A

It is lack of enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues

35
Q

Name some causes of anaemia in laying hens:

A

– Feed containing mycotoxins
– Ectoparasitic infection = Ectoparasitosis
– Bleeding

36
Q

where can we find damages when consuming feed contaminated with mycotoxins?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Heart
  • Oral cavity + beak (necrosis)
  • Immunosupression

We can also see:
- Decreased feed utilization
- Decreased weight gain
- Decreased egg production

37
Q

Name two ticks than can cause Ectoparasitosis of laying hens

A

Fowl tick and poultry red mite

38
Q

When is it more common for the ticks to feed?

A

They hide in the crevices during the day and feed at night.

39
Q

Which disease is caused by ticks?

A

Lime leg disease

40
Q

What is cannibalism in laying hens?

A

A bird begins picking the feathers, comb, toes or vent of another bird. Once an open wound or blood is visible on the bird, the vicious habit of cannibalism can spread rapidly through the entire flock

41
Q

What are causes of cannibalism?

A

– overcrowding
– malnutrition
– inappropriate nests

42
Q

What can cause lesions on the ovaries and the oviduct?

A
  • Degeneration of the follicles
  • Salpingitis
43
Q

Which bacteria will cause degeneration of the follicles?

A

Salmonella, Mycoplasma, E. coli

44
Q

How does the degeneration of the follicles occur?

A

The bacteria settles in the ovaries.
In the egg laying season the ovaries becomes active and the building of the follicles start.
The bacteria proliferate in the follicular content and we have a degeneration of the follicle

45
Q

What is a complication of degeneration of the follicles?

A

Rupture of the follicles will cause serositis in the body cavity

46
Q

What is Salpingitits?

A

It is an inflammation of the oviduct, which may contain liquid or caseous exudate

47
Q

What causes Salpingitis?

A

It can occur due to an ascending infection from the cloaca or due to haematogenous infection

48
Q

What are some comlications of Salpingitis?

A
  • Inflammatory exudate accumulates in the oviduct
    – Antiperistaltic movement
    – Serositis in the body cavity = Peritonitis
  • Egg pseudoconcretions
49
Q

What is Egg pseudoconcretions?

A

The egg becomes hard, compact mass of matter.
We can see a layered fibrin around the egg which has stopped developing

50
Q

Name some physiological abnormalities that are connected to egg building

A

– Osteothesaurismosis (=osteomyelosclerosis)
– Extramedullary hematopoiesis

51
Q

Name some abnormalities that are connected to building of the egg shell:

A

» Calcium deposition in the egg shell
» Changes in the calcium level of the blood

52
Q

What is calcium tetany?

A

It is a condition due to lower levels of calcium

53
Q

What causes calcium tetany in laying hens?

A

Hypocalcaemia

54
Q

What is Caged layer fatigue?

A

the equivalent of osteoporosis in chickens

55
Q

When does Caged layer fatigue happen and who is more prone?

A

Happens in laying hens that are caged, and normally at the end of the egg production cycle

56
Q

Clinical signs of Caged layer fatigue:

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Spontaneous fractures
  • Compression of the spinal cord or nerves
  • Paralysis

Poultry Pathology Practical (10 decks)

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