PQ, orlaith doc - final Flashcards
What is the optimal ewe ram ration at natural mating in natural cycle?
:50
- 1 ram per 50 ewes (50:1 ratio)
What is the concentration of the spermatozoa in case of laparoscopic AI?
20 million per uterine horn
- Intrauterine (Laparoscopic) 20 X 106 ( = 20 Million ) (into the lumen of the uterus)
What is the volume of the ram ejaculate?
1-2ml
Which component of the egg yolk protects the plasma membrane of the spermatozoa?
Lipoprotein
When does the cow ovulate?
10-12hrs after the end of oestrus
- Notes say 10-15 hours after the end of oestrus
Which insemination technique is not used in the pig?
Vaginal
- Cervical/ Uterus is used in pigs
What type of semen is used in the practice of AI in the pig?
Semen stored at 16-18°C
- Lower than < 10 degrees - death
The semen is collected in the pig with?
Gloved hand technique - every 5-7 days
How frequently can the semen be collected in the pig
Max twice per week (every 5 -7 days)
Concentration of spermatozoa in the insemination dose of a pig?
3-5 billion
(says 3 billion of spermatozoa in insemination dose in notes)
Volume of insemination dose used in a pig?
50-100ml
(70 ml is the most used)
Ejaculation can be induced with ______________? Indicate the correct answer.
Ketamine??
Don’t know the options and what animal but
For Boar it can be
Manual induction:
Firm pressure on the glans penis –> Stimulation of sensory-R on the surface –> Ejaculation
And for Stallion it’s
Pharma induction:
Xylazine slow iv (0.66 mg/kg) with or without prior administration of imipramine iv. (2.2 mg/kg)
Imipramine per os (2.2 mg/kg), followed 2 hours later by xylazine slow iv. injection (0.2 – 0.3 mg/kg)
What is the concentration of the spermatozoa in the AI dose used in the horse?
500 million?
Routine work: 200-500 X 10^6 total sperm (initially from chilled, extended semen 1000- 2000 X 10^6 in 1050 mL, nowadays min.100 X 10^6 motile)
What is the correct time of the AI in the horse?
Close to the end of oestrus (behavioural oestrus should be present)
- 20 mins after collection if it’s fresh semen
What is the AI dose used in the horse?
10-50ml
Freezing container: straw (0.25, 37oC, 30 sec vs. 0.5ml, 2.5-4-5ml straw, 50oC, 45 sec
Collected semen must be diluted to 25 – 50 X10^6/ml before motility evaluation
Where should the semen be deposited in the mare?
Body of the uterus
Where does the dog ejaculate the the semen?
Vagina
Ru; Bull, ram and buck –> Into the deepest point of the vagina
Stallion and Boar –> Into body of the uterus
What is the acceptable motility result in the dog?
> 85% (75-90%)
How can the semen be collected from the stallion?
Artificial Vagina (AV)
Which properties of the AV are important at the semen collection in the stallion?
Temperature and pressure
AI of the mare should be done….?
Every other day or daily until the end of oestrus
Does the stallion ejaculate in different fractions?
Yes
Dog, Boar and Stallion
Which technique is not used for semen collection from the stallion?
Electroejaculation (its used mainly in sheep but rare in other small Ru)
- Used in Stallions: either AV pr Pharma induced ejaculation
How many fractions does the pig ejaculate?
3 fractions (sperm released in 2nd fraction )
Optimum time of AI in the pig?
In the middle of the 50-60h oestrus period
- AI should be done in the middle of the oestrous period (ranges from 12-96 hours)
What influences the changes in vaginal epithelium during the heat?
Oestrogen
Anterior vaginal epithelial cells proliferate and secrete mucus – Copious clear, A spike in Estrodiol includes the presence of a clear vaginal discharge.
Mark the incorrect statement regarding clinical and biochemical alterations in pregnant bitch
Constantly decreasing energy requirements
Clinical and biochem alterations in pregnant bitch:
- Increased plasma volume sufficient to cause a normo- chromic, normo-cytic anemia
- The high Ht - begin decreasing between day 25-30, reaching nadir near or below 40% at term, and anaemia is not resolved until 1–2 months postpartum
- Hypercholesterolemia and hyperproteinemia
- Increased insulin resistance, normal feature of the pregnancy, causes –> progesterone
o (DM may develop in diestrus in non-pregnant bitches) - Mild leukocytosis ( increased white blood cell count) without a left shift - no immature neutrophils
o Increased fibrinogen and c-reactive protein, other alterations in inflammatory and coagulation factors
What is not a sign for impending parturition in the bitch? Mark the incorrect statement
Sudden increase in body temperature by 1-2°C
Impending parturition signs in bitch:
- Behaviour: restlessness, nest building
- Vuvla become swollen and edematous
- Vaginal discharge
- Relaxation of abdominal and pelvic muscles
- Swollen mammary gland, milk secretion
- 18 – 30 hours before parturition, the plasma P4 concentration declines below 2 ng/ml
- 10 – 14 hours after this hormone change, the rectal temperature of the bitch falls below 37.2 *C (approx. 24 hours before whelping)
What is your suspected diagnosis in case of mucoid vaginal discharge in a pregnant dog
Sign of impending parturition
How long is the dog’s pregnancy?
62-63 days - Around closer to 65 days
What is the meaning of preovulatory luteinization?
The plasma progesterone (p4) level starts to increase before the ovulation
Mark the incorrect statement. Which factor does NOT predispose to Primary Uterine Inertia?
High humidity
Predisposition to Primary Uterine Inertia:
§ Breed predisposition (border terrier, Aberdeen terrier)
§ Overstretching of the uterus containing a large litter
§ Inadequate uterine stimulation in one or two pup litters
§ Systemic disease such as hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, ketosis or
infection
§ Inadequate nutrition
§ Obesity
§ Stress
§ Uterine torsion
Which method can we NOT use for artificial insemination if we use frozen semen?
Intravaginal
What progesterone level is expected at day 0 of oestrus cycle (LH peak) in the dog?
Around 2 ng/ml at LH
Then rises to 6 ng/ml at ovulation
When do you NOT necessarily have to think about dystocia?
The bitch has been panting, trembling, restless for 6 hours but nothing else
Which statement is FALSE concerning the hormonal background of the luteal phase in bitches?
Low LH levels can cause abortion
- causes infertility?
How does the plasma progesterone change after ovulation?
Increases
Rapidly rising peripheral P4 levels that reach their highest levels (30-35 ng/ml (although sometimes displaying values of 80-90 ng/ml or hig her)) usually within 15-30 days after ovulation.
Which factor does NOT influence the success of AI?
The weather on the day
Mark the incorrect statement regarding clinical pseudopregnancy
The use of dopamine antagonist as primary medication is recommended
- Dopamine AGONISTS are recommended
See here:
Prolactin Inhibitors - dopamin agonists - Bromocriptine, administered orally at 0 .01 to 0 .1 mg/kg/day individed doses, should be given until lactation ceases
–> Common side effects- vomiting, anorexia, depression, and behavioural changes - Cabergoline, administered at a dose of 5 μg/kg once daily for 5 to 10 days
–> better-tolerated ergoline compound Side effects were considered mild and included lethargy, inappetence, and vomiting - Progestin administration is contraindicated!!! OE/OHE recommended in any pseudopregnant dog
Which statement is correct? Clinical signs of proestrus in dogs are induced by..
Increase of Estrogen
Clinical signs:
- Appearance of bloody discharge
- E2 peaks, and then drops going into oestrus
Which is a misjudgement of foetal heart rate?
100-150 BPM means moderate foetal distress
- More than 220 beats per minute
- 180 220 bpm = moderate foetal distress
- Less than 180 = severe foetal distress
What can be the consequence of spaying a dog in diestrus?
overt pseudopregnancy - “Physiologically, all non-pregnant bitches in diestrus are pseudopregnant”
Reasoning:
There is a mid-late luteal phase increase in PRL-dependent stimulation of mammary tissues
- Some non-pregnant bitches are more sensitive than others to these normal endocrine events, resulting in the exhibition of obvious pseudopregnancy
- Mean PRL is higher and mean P4 lower in effected cycles
- Ovariectomy (during luteal phase) , PGF induced luteolysis or antiprogestin administration can each increase PRL
Mark the incorrect statement. What happens by the end of canine pregnancy?
The relaxin concentration is high
Relaxin becomes detectable around day 20-25 of pregancy, peak at 2-4 weeks before birth and stays elevated until term
When does the bovine embryo begin to hatch?
Day 9 to 11 - hatching from the zone pellucida in the fetal development of bovine
What does capacitation mean?
The spermatozoa acquire the hyperactive motility
What does acrosome reaction mean?
Fusion of outer acrosomal membrane with plasma membrane of spermatozoa
What is the result of acrosome reaction?
Formation of zona pellucida block
What does polyspermiosis mean?
More than one spermatozoa penetrating the oocyte
What is the location of the fusion proteins on the spermatozoa?
The equatorial segment which can be found on the head of spermatozoa
What is the task of the fusion proteins?
To secure the physical connection between the head of the spermatozoa and the plasma membrane of the oocyte –> responsible for formation and preparation between head of spermatozoa and oolemma of the oocyte
At which stage of embryo development does the differentiation of the cell blastomeres start?
a) Immediately after fertilisation
b) 2-4 cell stage
c) 4-8 cell stage
d) blastocyst stage
e) Immediately before hatching
Blastocyst stage
Can also be “morula stage” if this is an option or short answer
In the cow the maternal recognition of pregnancy is base on the production of?
Bovine trophoblast protein 1 (bTP-1) and Bovine interferon t (bIFN-t)
In the dog the maternal recognition of pregnancy is based on the production of?
No significant maternal recognition of pregnancy
In the woman the maternal recognition of pregnancy is based on the production of?
human chorionic gonadotropin - hCG
What develops into the corpus luteum after ovulation?
- From the platelets of the corpus haemorrhagicum
- from the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle
- from the astral follicular fluid
- from the luteal cells that reach there with the blood stream
??
Either: Corpus haemorragicum one or granulosa cells in conjunction with the Theca-lutein cells
What is the reproductive role of kisspeptin neurons?
Based on melatonin input, stimulates, or inhibits the GNRH production
Role:
Collect information from the outside, measures levels of blood leptin, responsible for seasonality
What is the two cell two gonadotropin model?
Testosterone production of theca cells (LH) and its conversion to oestrogen by granulise cells (FSH)
What is regulating seasonality?
Pineal gland melatonin through kisspeptin GNRH axis
Difference between protein and steroid hormones mechanism of action?
Protein hormones -> cytoplasm, steroid hormones -> cytoplasm + nucleus
What does the increased physical activity of cow mean?
Indicates heat (oestrus)the cow should be checked and eventually inseminated
When is the insemination of sow recommended?
When vulva reddening starts decreasing and the back pressure test is positive
What does the wave-like pattern of bovine follicular growth mean?
Within a cycle follicle starts to grow in 2-3 waves but ovulate only from the last wave
How can the optimal time of breeding (insemination) of the dog be predicted?
A combined investigation of behaviour bloody discharge vaginal cytology and P4 assay
Which of these statements are false concerning ovulating in pigs?
Before the ovulation there are 2-3 follicular growth waves
In which state does the embryo arrive in the uterus? (pig)
4 cells
Length of pregnancy in swine?
115 days
Regarding porcine gestation, choose the false answer?
No prostaglandin production in the endometrium
Ovulation in pigs?
48 to 72 hours after onset of oestrus (average of 50 hours)
The signal of maternal pregnancy recognition in sow?
Estrodiol (E2)
How many embryos are needed in the stage of attachment for a successful pregnancy in pigs?
4-5 (two in each horn)
At which day of pregnancy do porcine embryos begin to migrate in the uterine horns?
Near the tip of the uterine horn until day 6 and after day 6 they start to migrate until day 12
When does the embryo arrive at the uterus after fertilization in the cattle?
Day 5 -6 after fertilisation
The only successful process of sexifying sperm
Flow cytometry
Where in cow embryo transfer?
Ipsilateral uterine horn
Eosin staining
live/dead cells ratio
Where AI in cow
Rectovaginal technique, semen placed intrauterine
First thing to do in orphan puppy
Check the temperature
What if the insemination happens too late after the heat?
Ageing of the oocyte
= impairment of the possibility of sperm penetration (belated insemination).
In case of the AI being performed to late, oocyte aging will happen.
What does silent heat mean?
No clinical signs of heat
The following statement is true for the allowed forced extraction?
- It should always be performed on a standing animal
- A medium power person performs it during straining of the dam
- 3 to 4 medium power people alternatingly pull the obstetrical chains/ropes which have been fixed to the legs and head of the foetus
- It’s purpose is to test whether a foetus can be born through
3 to 4 medium power people alternatingly pull the obstetrical chains/ropes which have been fixed to the legs and head of the foetus
How can you diagnose internal uterine torsion in a cow?
Rectal palpation
Which is not a simple loop?
- Mandible loop
- Jöhnk snare loop
- Gagny loop
- Lungwitz nape mouth loop
Gagny loop
Which of these animals has the most optimal pelvic bone in the terms of formation of the bony birth canal?
- A jersey cow
- A Angora nanny goat
- A Belgian shephard bitch
- A purebred Arabian mare
- A Hampshire cow
A purebred Arabian mare
Choose the incorrect answer:
- The hind legs may perforate the vaginal wall
- It illustrates a foal foetus with longitudinal posterior presentation and ventral position
- The abnormality can be corrected using a Kühn’s crutch
- Only Caesarean section can be used to solve it
The abnormality can be corrected using a Kühn’s crutch (have to double check)
Which drug would you use to sedate cattle?
Xylazine
Choose the correct answer for a foetus in oblique dorso-vertical presentation
We can try with half the body of the foetus
Please choose the correct statement
- The purpose of the episiotomy is the distinction of left and right forms of uterine torsion
- Episiotomy must be performed along the medial line between the vulva and the anal ring in bitches (episiotomies media)
- A dorsolateral cut for episiotomy can only be performed in cattle
- Because of the high risk of injuring large vessels, episiotomy should not be performed in horses
Episiotomy must be performed along the medial line between the vulva and the anal ring in bitches (episiotomies media)
Which method is NOT suitable for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle?
Serum progesterone level measuring
Which statement is incorrect?
- In parturient dams ventral position of the foetus is always abnormal
- Longitudinal anterior presentation of the foetus is normal
- Breast-heat posture is the more severe grade of downward displacement of the head. In this case the two forelimbs are in the pelvic cavity, while the head of the foetus lays on the xyphoid cartilage
- Harm’s dog sitting position is a severe abnormal type of position often occurring in horses
Harm’s dog sitting position is a severe abnormal type of position often occurring in horses
Which is the earliest day after AI when pregnancy can be diagnosed with high accuracy by rectal palpation in cattle?
Day 35
In which of the following cases could the form and size of the head be normal?
- Schistosoma reflexum
- Hydrocephalokele
- Cyclops parasiticus
- Hydrocephalus internus
Schistosoma reflexum
What does vaginoscopy mean?
Inserting a vaginoscopy and applying a light source into the vagina, for internal observation of the organ
Which is not abnormal?
- Ventral position of a foal foetus during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
- Double sided hip flexion of a small calf foetus
- Harms’ dog-sitting position in a foal
- Shoulder flexion of a piglet
Ventral position of a foal foetus during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
Normal presentations:
1. During pregnancy; longitudinal presentation (anterior or posterior)
2. Dorsal (upright) position (ventral in equine)
3. Flexed posture
4. During parturition; same as above but extended posture
How does a PGF2A treatment with therapeutic dose at the day after parturition act on uterine contractility?
Does not act on it
What is the optimum time for insemination in cattle?
At peak of clinical heat symptoms
(AI should be done during second part of oestrus)
What characterises uterine contractility of normocalcemic cows with retained foetal membranes as related to healthy controls within 2 days postpartum?
Weaker
In the bovine, maternal recognition of pregnancy is based on the production of ?
Bovine interferon tau
Would you use as a first choice to treat perperal (parturient?) paresis?
IV Calcium gluconate
In the sow, the maternal recognition of pregnancy is based on the production of?
Oestradiol
Choose the correct statement.
- Involution in dairy cow is always completely finished before the first ovulation
- Lochia in physiological conditions is a watery, brownish, foul smelling fluid
- Blood progesterone (P4) level is high during early involution
- Size of the uterus is decreased to approx. its half within 10 days postpartum
Size of the uterus is decreased to approx. its half within 10 days postpartum
Rapid shrinkage and contraction of the uterus by between day 3 - 10 post partum (PP)
What does hatching mean?
The embryo at the blastocyst stage leaves the zona pellucid
This bacteria present in the uterus on day 28-35 postpartum and linearly correlates with impaired reproduction performance later?
Trueperella Pyogenes (Arcanobacterium)
What is the time of ovulation in cattle?
Time of ovulation is around 12-18 hours after sensation of clinical symptoms of the heat
Please evaluate below the statements about clinical examination of different forms of metritis and chooses the correct answer
- One clinical examination upon transfer from calving up to production group (i.e. 4-6 days postpartum) is enough
- General clinical examination, taking rectal temperature and observation of genitals provide good enough information for the diagnosis
- To establish the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis, ultrasound is necessary
- If no spontaneous shedding of discharge takes place, collection from the cervical orifice either manually or using appropriate tools is strongly advised
If no spontaneous shedding of discharge takes place, collection from the cervical orifice either manually or using appropriate tools is strongly advised
Choose the incorrect statement
- Melatonin is a tryptophan-derivative produced by the penal gland
- Kisspeptin neurons are present in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
- Oxytocin is produced by the luteal tissue of corpus luteum
- eCG and hGC are extrahypophyseal gonadotropins
Kisspeptin neurons are present in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
Kisspeptin are produced from the hypothalamus and causes a chain reaction which leads to production of neurotransmitters from the pituitary gland
Which statement is true regarding the hormonal background of cattle ovulation?
- Ovulation takes place at maximal E2 level
- Ovulation takes place when P4 levels exceed 2ng/ml
- Ovulation is triggered by luteolytic level of PGF2⍺
- Ovulation takes place 24-30 hrs after the LH peak
Ovulation takes place at maximal E2 level
How can the postpartum negative energy balance be prevented or decreased?
By restricted feeding during the dry period following the ad lib feeding with maximal energy content during lactation
What is responsible for the induction of PGF2A synthesis by the endometrium at the beginning of the Luteolysis in the cow?
Oxytocin produced by the luteal cells
Which statement about Bovine pregnancy is correct?
- From day 40 of the pregnancy the foeto-placental unit synthesises steroid-like pregnanes
- On day 6 the embryo forms a glycoprotein capsule attaching to the inner surface of the zone pellucida
- After hatching from the zona pellucida the bovine embryo implants immediately
- Binuclear giant cells migrate into the endometrium produce pregnancy specific protein (PSPB)
Binuclear giant cells migrate into the endometrium produce pregnancy specific protein (PSPB)
Pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) in blood: Produced by the bi-nucleate trophectoderm cells of the conceptuses of ruminants
Which body condition score is preferred for preventing the postpartum energy deficit in dairy cows?
3 (average)
Which hormone is decapeptide (it is made up of 10 amino acids)?
GnRH - 10 aa
oxytocin is 9 aa (peptide)
Which hormone’s elevation in the foetus is the very first signal inducing the parturition in the bovine?
ACTH + cortisol
What is the main hormonal factor of delayed resumption of cyclic ovarian activity caused by energy deficit?
Due to oestrogen insensitivity of the hypothalamus, there are only tonic GnRH releases
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- Different groups of neurons are responsible for the tonic and preovulatory-like GnRH release from the hypothalamus
- GnRH is transported to the Aden-hypophysis via the portal plexus
- GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary
- Oxytocin is produced by the paraventricular uncle of the hypothalamus
GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary
GnRH is produced in the hypothalamus -> tonic and surge centres
How many stages does partition have in the cow?
3
When does the oestrus cycle re-initiate after partition in dairy cows?
10-45 days
Select the correct statement. Please note that the time of the investigation is not indicated.
- Longitudinal posterior presentation is abnormal
- Ventral position may be normal
- Dorsal position is always normal
- Flexed legs are always abnormal
- Presentation means the relation of the vertical column of the fete to the vertebral column of the dam
Ventral position may be normal
What does puberty mean in domestic animals?
Maturation of genital organs and start of cyclic sexual activity
Choose the statement below which is incorrect regarding the induction of parturition in the cow.
- Parturition can be induced with relaxin
- Parturition can be induced with corticosteroids
- Parturition can be induced with PGF2⍺ and analogues
- Parturition can be induced with PGF2⍺ + corticosteroids
Parturition can be induced with relaxin
For how many days the developing corpus luteum is not able to respond to the prostaglandin treatment?
6 days
CL is only responsive to PGF2α between days of the cycle:
Ewe: days 5 - 14
Goat: days 5 - 17
What is typical for the equine oestrous cycle?
Seasonally polyoestrous, long day breeder species
The order of the hormonal treatments at the Co-Synch protocol?
GnRH (day 0) + PGF2⍺ (day 7) + GnRH+ AI (day 9)
What is illustrated on this drawing?
Ventro-transverse presentation
What does this drawing represent?
The use of the Obermeyers Anal Hook
Choose the proper answer for a foetus in (oblique) torso-ventral presentation.
- Only Krey-Schöttler’s double hook can be used during reposition
- The legs of the feats are usually available
- We can use a Caemerer’s torsion fork for reposition
- We can try with halving the body of the foetus
We can try with halving the body of the foetus
Mark the incorrect statement. Situations in which to avoid the use of oxytocin are
- After the delivery of the last pup
- The bitch is already in hard labour
- When 2 doses do not succeed in delivering the pup
- In the presence of foetal distress
After the delivery of the last pup
Mark the incorrect statement regarding pseudopregnancy
- A physiological condition that does not always involve lactation
- In susceptible individuals (predisposed bitches), spaying during diestrus (in luteal phase) can also lead to iatrogenic clinical pseudopregnancy
- In case of pseudopregnancy, spaying is contraindicated even during anestrus
- It can be treated with dopamine agonists through inhibition of prolactin activity
In case of pseudopregnancy, spaying is contraindicated even during anestrus
