Equine Flashcards
The mare’s uterus…
a. Uterus bicornis subseptus
b. Uterus bicornis non-subseptus
c. Uterus unicornis
d. Is similar to primates
b. Uterus bicornis non-subseptus
The length of the pregnancy in mares…
a. 320-380 days
b. 300-320 days
c. 275-290 days
d. 330-345 days
a. 320-380 days
Which of the following is not a clinical sign during foaling in horses?
a. Dripping of the mother’s milk
b. Contraction and shortening of the parietal lips in the 24 hours before foaling
c. Weaning and milk production
d. Waxy drops on the end of the nipple
b. Contraction and shortening of the parietal lips in the 24 hours before foaling
What is the main factor in triggering foaling in horses?
a. Progesterone block
b. Fetal glucocorticoids
c. Maternal glucocorticoids
d. Fetal oxytocin
d. Fetal oxytocin
In mares, ovulation always takes place here:
a. Ligamentum latum uteri
b. Close to the uterine media
c. Ovarian fossa
d. Ovarian marrow
c. Ovarian fossa
The accessory sex organs of the stallion:
a. Ampulla, seminal vesicle, prostate, Cowper-gland
b. Ampulla, prostate, bulbourethral gland
c. Prostate and seminal vesicle
d. Prostate
a. Ampulla, seminal vesicle, prostate, Cowper-gland
What is the percentage of multiple ovulation in mares?
a. 10-20% in some breeds
b. 20-30% in some breeds
c. 5-25% in some breeds
d. 60-70% in some breeds
c. 5-25% in some breeds
We do testing in mares in order to:
a. To determine pregnancy
b. To determine oestrus
c. To shorten the pregnancy
d. To induce oestrus
b. To determine oestrus
What does the 1-2-3 rule mean regarding newborn foals?
a. 1. Is nursing within 1 hour, 2. Is standing within 2 hours, 3. Pass meconium within 3 hours.
b. 1. Is standing within 1 hour, 2. Is nursing within 2 hours, 3. Pass meconium within 3 hours.
c. 1. Passes meconium within 1 hour, 2. Is standing within 2 hours, 3. Is nursing within 3 hours.
d. 1. Passes meconium within 1 hour, 2. Is nursing within 2 hours, 3. Is standing, within 3 hours
b. 1. Is standing within 1 hour, 2. Is nursing within 2 hours, 3. Pass meconium within 3 hours.
Which is true?
a. Mares are seasonally polyoestrous (short day)
b. Mares are seasonally polyoestrous (long day)
c. Mares or aseasonal ovulators
d. Mares are tropically monoestrous
b. Mares are seasonally polyoestrous (long day)
Which of the following has these characteristics in the horse: Smooth, pink, clearly visible blood vessels
a. The allantochorion fetal side
b. The amniotic sac fetal side
c. The amniotic sac mother side
d. The allantochorion mother side
a. The allantochorion fetal side
The mobility phase of the horse embryo is most intense…
a. Pregnancy days 19-25
b. Pregnancy days 11-14
c. Pregnancy days 5-15
d. Pregnancy days 40-60
b. Pregnancy days 11-14
During covering in mares…
a. There are no outward signs of oestrus
b. 2-3 cm of liquid is found in the womb
c. Multiple dominant […] active corpus luteums are found
d. Characteristic uterine oedema in the period right before ovulation
d. Characteristic uterine oedema in the period right before ovulation
What is the main sign/symptom/event that takes place postpartum in equines?
a. Increased relaxin production
b. Increased PMSG production
c. Increased progesterone production
d. Fetal membrane expulsion
d. Fetal membrane expulsion
Which of the following is abnormal in the mare ovary:
a. Preovulatory follicle
b. Corpus haemorrhagicum
c. Corpus luteum
d. Anovulatory hemorrhagic follicle
d. Anovulatory hemorrhagic follicle
Optimal timing of breeding / insemination in the mare
On day 3-4 of oestrus
Indication of Deslorelin (GnRH agonist) treatment in mares:
Ovulation induction
What do endometrial cups produce
- hCG
- hCG
- PMSG
- PGF2A
- Progesterone
- PMSG, also called eCG
Length of oestrus and expected time of ovulation in the mare
- 12-24hr, between 24-36hr
- 24-36hr, between 30-34hr
- 36-48hr, between 42-46hr
- Approx. 7 days, one day before the end of oestrus
- 12-24hr, between 24-36hr
During a normal oestrus in the mares, we see
- No behavioural signs
- Uterine oedema before ovulation
- 2-3cm fluid in the uterine lumen
- More dominant follicles and active corpora lutea
- Uterine oedema before ovulation?
What is the ideal time frame for early foetal sexing in the mare
- Day 55-70
- Day 15-25
- Day 100-120
- Day 200 onwards
- Day 55-70
Which accessory sex gland can be found in the stallion
- Ampullae, glandula vesicularis, prostate
- Ampullae, glandula vesicularis, prostate, glandula bulbouretral
- Only prostate gland
- Ampullae, prostate and glandula bulbouretral
- Ampullae, glandula vesicularis, prostate, glandula bulbouretral
What is the difference between the treatment protocols of estrous synchronization and estrous induction?
A. There is not any difference between the two methods
B. Estrous induction is used in non-breeding season. The treatment with progestagen is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG/PMSG)
C. Estrous induction is used in the breeding season and the treatment with progestagen is combined with human chorionic gonadotrop hormone (hCG)
D. Estrous induction is used in the breeding season and the treatment with progestagen is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG/PMSG)
E. Estrous induction is used in non-breeding season and the treatment with progestagen is not combined with any other hormone
B. Estrous induction is used in non-breeding season. The treatment with progestagen is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG/PMSG)
From when can the conceptus be detected in the mare by means of ultrasonography?
- From Day 11
Select the INCORRECT: early pregnancy in mares can be determined by the following methods:
- Ultrasound examination
- Rectal examination
- Vaginal examination
- eCG test with determination of proteins
- eCG+hCG(PG600) IM inj
- eCG+hCG(PG600) IM inj
Maternal recognition in pregnancy in mares:
- CL graditiatis progesterone
- Interferon tau
- Estrogens
- Estrogens + 40.000 Dal molecular protein (H)
- Estrogens
Optimum time of covering/fertilisation in mare:
- At peak of vulva blinking
- After positive probe testing
- Yellowing on 3-4 day
- 12-18 hours after resolution of clinical symptoms
- After positive probe testing
What is an indication of deslorelin (GnRH agonist) treatment in mare?
- Suppression of foaling (transport, exhibition, competition)
- Induce follicular development (superovulation)
- Induce ovulation
- Luteolysis of corpus luteum
- Induce ovulation
Which from the following method are can NOT be used in mare to terminate twin pregnancy?
- Decreasing feed intake for 10-12 days
- Suppression one of the embryonal sacs rectally until the 25t h day
- Transvaginal, US-driven punction/aspiration (d 31-35(40))
- Luteolysis PGF2alpha / abortion (until day150)
- Transrectal cranio-cervical dislocation (d 60-80)
Decreasing feed intake for 10-12 days
For which structure’s diagnosis needs the US in mare (compared to rectal palpation)?
- CL
- Early pregnancy
- Twin pregnancy
- Preovulation follicle
- CL ?
The formation of the endometrial cups in mare:
- It forms from the thickened throphoblast (chorion gridle) cells which are migrating into the endometrium between the 35-40t h day
- it forms from the tissue degradation of the endometrium between the 20-25t h day
- it comes from the cup-like transformation of the endometrial glands after the 60 th day
- it comes from the excretion of materials of the accumulation of the fetal urine in the allantoin
- It forms from the thickened throphoblast (chorion gridle) cells which are migrating into the endometrium between the 35-40t h day
The formation of the endometrial cups in mare:
- It forms from the thickened throphoblast (chorion gridle) cells which are migrating into the endometrium between the 35-40t h day
- it forms from the tissue degradation of the endometrium between the 20-25t h day
- it comes from the cup-like transformation of the endometrial glands after the 60 th day
- it comes from the excretion of materials of the accumulation of the fetal urine in the allantoin
- It forms from the thickened throphoblast (chorion gridle) cells which are migrating into the endometrium between the 35-40t h day
When will a significant amount of eCG be produced in mare?
- From the formation of the primer CL (4-5t h day after ovulation)
- From the formation of the endometrial cups, the 35-120t h day
- From the beginning of the oestrogen production of the fetoplacental unit
- From the degradating transformation of the primer an accessory CL til the end of pregnancy
- From the formation of the endometrial cups, the 35-120t h day
What is the indicated amount at chilling semen insemination?
- <100M
- > 500M
- <10M
- <50M
- > 500M
. Give the WRONG answer - the main characteristics of the genitals of horses
- The germinal epithelium can be found in a small portion of the ovarium
- Papilla
- Histerosalphingography is possible in the tuba uterina
- The bigger curvature is ventral
- The cervix has longitudinal plication
- The bigger curvature is ventral
Mark the WRONG answer! The main trait of the equine cervix.
- Dilatable by fingers
- Dilatable during pregnancy.
- Dilatable during CL phase
- Not dilatable
- There is no insufficient opening during birth
- Not dilatable
Which statement is false in connection with the follicles in mares?
- The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 30-40 mm in diameter
- The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter
- The maximal (but unusual) size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter
- Follicles 15 mm in diameter are usually not sensitive to gonadotroph hormones
- Follicles 15 mm in diameter usually do not produce significant quantity of
estrogens
- The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter (3,5 - 4,5 cm)
- Choose the right answer: in mares the endometrial cups produce:
- eCG
- hCG
- PSPB
- PAG
- The endometrial cups produce GnRH
- eCG
- Choose the right answer: the embryos enter the uterus
- In mares: on days 5-6 of gestation
- In cows: on day 8 of gestation
- In gilts/sows: on day 5 of gestation
- In ewes: on days 2-3 of gestation
- In she-goats: on days 2-3 of gestation
- In mares: on days 5-6 of gestation
At what gestational age can you first see a heartbeat of an equine embryo?
- 25-28 days
At what gestational age do the endometrial cups form in the mare?
35-40 days
what does silent heat mean?
a. no clinical signs of heat
b. no corpus lute develops
c. no follicle develops
d.no sound is given by the animal
a. no clinical signs of heat
