Hungarian final exam 2022, translated

Question 1

What is characteristic of the movement of the embryo - in the amniotic fluid - 21-50 days of pregnancy. in a mare between days?
- 3-9-3 hours of movement
- 6-12-6 hours of movement
- 6-9-12 hours of movement
- 3-12-9 hours of movement

Answer 1

??

Question 2

Where should the catheter be inserted during pig artificial insemination under industrial conditions?
- into a gap
- into the uterus
- into the vagina
− to the tip of the horn

Answer 2

??

Question 3

In which animal species is the effectiveness of deep-frozen sperm the weakest?
- a horse
− offense
- sheep
− cattle

Answer 3

offense ?!

Question 4

Where is the blood-testis barrier located?
- in his epididymis
− between adjacent Sertoli cells in the testis
− Between Leydig cells in the testis
− between spermatogonia cells in the testis

Answer 4

between adjacent Sertoli cells in the testis

Question 5

What is a “tight junction” / blood-testis barrier / dam?
− the blood-testis barrier serves to protect the developing spermatozoa

− ensures the connection between the testis and the epididymis

− ensures the connection between the epididymis and the vas deferens

• serves as the connection point of the sperm’s flagellum (tail).

Answer 5

the blood-testis barrier serves to protect the developing spermatozoa

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Question 6

What does azoospermia mean?
− no sperm are found in the collected ejaculate
- it was not possible to collect sperm
− zero sperm movement (sperms do not move)
− there are many sperm with abnormal morphology in the ejaculate

Answer 6

no sperm are found in the collected ejaculate

Question 7

We do NOT use it in the case of a stallion’s testicle injury…
- hydrotherapy to reduce swelling
− antibiotics
− an attempt to reduce the swelling faster
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 7

an attempt to reduce the swelling faster

Question 8

In how many fractions does the male pig ejaculate?
− 1
− 2
− 3
− 4

Answer 8

3

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Question 9

How should sperm be collected in the case of male pigs?
− with electroejaculation
− by hand (gloved sound technique)
- with artificial sleeve
− with rectal massage

Answer 9

by hand (gloved sound technique)

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Question 10

Sertoli cells are found in which part of the testis?
− tubular compartment, in the epithelium of the testicular duct
− in mediastinum testis
− in rete testis
− intertubular compartment

Answer 10

tubular compartment, in the epithelium of the testicular duct

Question 11

How is the hypothalamic center different in male and female animals?
− Only surge centers are found in males.
− The surge center is absent in female animals.
− In males there is only a tonic center.
- Males have neither a tonic nor a surge center.

Answer 11

In males there is only a tonic center

Question 12

The formation of sex. The WRONG answer must be marked!
- Sertoli cells produce anti-Müllerian factor (hormone).
- Sertoli cells support the development of Leydig cells.
- Leydig cells produce testosterone, which is partially converted into dihydrotestosterone by Sertoli cells.
− Leydig cells produce estrogen, which is partially converted into dihydrotestosterone by Sertoli cells.

Answer 12

Leydig cells produce estrogen, which is partially converted into dihydrotestosterone by Sertoli cells.

Question 13

What causes female pseudohermaphroditism?
− androgenic effect in the early stages of individual development
− persistent Müller tube
− masculinization disorder
- androgen resistance

Answer 13

androgenic effect in the early stages of individual development

Question 14

Which statement is false about autoimmune orchitis?
− may develop as a result of blood-testis barrier damage
− it can also develop as part of a systemic autoimmune process
− can be successfully treated with corticosteroids
-leads to complete infertility

Answer 14

can be successfully treated with corticosteroids

Question 15

Which statement is false?
− Benign prostate enlargement predisposes to the development of malignant prostate cancer
- prostate tumors in dogs are mostly adenocarcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma
− castration reduces the size of the non-neoplastic prostate, but does not affect the progression of neoplastic processes
- prostate carcinoma in dogs is not an androgen-dependent tumor type

Answer 15

Benign prostate enlargement predisposes to the development of malignant prostate cancer

Question 16

Which statement is false about vestibulovaginal stenosis?
- still physiological to a mild degree
− its development is typical in the area of the connection between the Wolf tube and the urogenital sinus
− it can be formed by incomplete perforation of the hymen or a vertical septum
- its development is typical in the area of the connection between the Müller tube and the urogenital sinus

Answer 16

its development is typical in the area of the connection between the Wolf tube and the urogenital sinus

Question 17

Which statement is true about vaginitis?
− in the case of vaginitis, bacterial culture and antibiotic resistance testing are unnecessary
− the pathogens that cause vaginitis are mostly members of the normal vaginal flora
- E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus never appear as part of the normal vaginal flora
- sterilization reduces the chance of developing chronic vaginitis

Answer 17

the pathogens that cause vaginitis are mostly members of the normal vaginal flora

Question 18

Where are the following anatomical formulas located in the vagina: ostium urethrae externum (opening of the urethra), fossa clitoridis?
− on the ventral wall of the vagina
− on the dorsal wall of the vagina
− the thermal tube opening on the ventral wall of the vagina, the fossa clitoridis on the dorsal wall of the vagina
− the urethral opening on the dorsal wall of the vagina, the fossa clitoridis on the ventral wall of the vagina

Answer 18

on the ventral wall of the vagina

Question 19

Which symptom does NOT indicate the presence of a testicular tumor?
− bilateral symmetrical alopecia
− atrophy of the contralateral testis
- concurrent benign prostatic hyperplasia
− the dog barks, its voice changes

Answer 19

the dog barks, its voice changes

Question 20

What is not characteristic of epididymitis caused by Brucella canis?
− the pathogen can be excreted in the ejaculate for up to 2 years
- bacteremia can persist for up to 64 months, intermittently
− It does not occur in Hungary
- zoonosis

Answer 20

It does not occur in Hungary

Question 21

What method cannot be used to examine the prostate?
− rectal palpation
− abdominal palpation
- ultrasound examination
− View

Answer 21

View

Question 22

Which factor is not included in the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- testosterone level that decreases with age
− testosterone levels increasing with age
− increasing estrogen:testosterone ratio
- increasing 5-alpha-reductase activity in prostate cells

Answer 22

testosterone levels increasing with age

Question 23

Which statement is false? In male dogs, the estrogen effect…
− may be caused by a Sertoli cell testicular tumor
- may be caused by Leydig cell testicular tumor
- may be caused by seminoma
− reduces the chance of developing benign prostate enlargement

Answer 23

reduces the chance of developing benign prostate enlargement

Question 24

Mark the correct answer! By using GnRH analogues in the form of an implant…
- irreversible chemical castration can be performed
− the metabolic rate can be increased
− by keeping sex hormones at a low level, a drastic increase in LH and FSH levels can be
avoided
- the male’s testosterone level can be significantly reduced already in the first 4-6 hours

Answer 24

by keeping sex hormones at a low level, a drastic increase in LH and FSH levels can be
avoided

Question 25

Mark the correct answer! In a female dog after neutering…
− a significant decrease in LH and FSH levels can be measured
− a significant increase in estrogen, LH and FSH levels can be measured
− in intact animals, the estrogen level characteristic of anestrus can be measured
− the ratio of LH and FSH changes

Answer 25

in intact animals, the estrogen level characteristic of anestrus can be measured

Question 26

Mark the correct answer! In a male dog after castration…
− a significant increase in LH and FSH levels can be measured
− a significant increase in estrogen, LH and FSH levels can be measured
− a significant increase in the serum testosterone level and FSH concentration can be measured
− hormone levels do not change

Answer 26

a significant increase in LH and FSH levels can be measured

Question 27

Mark the incorrect statement. In cats, pyometra…
- occurs less often
during − the clinical symptoms are more obscure
- kidney damage is not so typical, so the appearance of polydipsia/polyuria is not always observed
− conservative treatment is more effective than in dogs

Answer 27

conservative treatment is more effective than in dogs

Question 28

What is NOT characteristic of a cat’s sexual cycle? (Mark the false statement!)
- characterized by seasonal polyester
− induced ovulation
− spontaneous ovulation does not occur
- the cycle can be interrupted in the summer heat or due to stress

Answer 28

spontaneous ovulation does not occur

Question 29

What is NOT characteristic of a cat’s sexual cycle? (Mark the false statement!)
− in the event that ovulation does not occur, the corpus luteum phase is missing and the female cat enters proestrus
again after the interestrus period
− in the event that ovulation occurred, but the mating was not fertile, an approx. A 35-day pseudopregnancy follows
− the onset of milk production is characteristic of a pseudopregnant cat, so even a non-pregnant cat can breastfeed other females’ kittens
− in the case of fertile mating, the female cat becomes pregnant, the length of the pregnancy is approx. 65 days

Answer 29

the onset of milk production is characteristic of a pseudopregnant cat, so even a non-pregnant cat can breastfeed other females’ kittens

Question 30

Mark the incorrect statement. During the growth/progression of breast tumors…
− the importance of the effect of sex hormones decreases
− estrogen and progesterone receptor expression of tumor cells increases
− COX-2 expression probably increases
- the degree of malignancy increases and the prognosis worsens

Answer 30

he importance of the effect of sex hormones decreases

Question 31

Mark the incorrect statement. During the surgical therapy of breast tumors…

− early vascular isolation and minimal manipulation are important

− sterilization is also important, especially in the case of grade 2 tumors that express the estrogen receptor

− we perform mammectomy and then ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy

• when the inguinal breast is removed, the inguinal lymph node is always removed

Answer 31

we perform mammectomy and then ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy

Question 32

Mark the incorrect statement. Inflammatory carcinoma affecting breast tissue…

• most often anaplastic carcinoma
• is an immediate surgical indication
• often develops in the luteal phase
• in case of development, we see symptoms typical of severe mastitis and skin inflammation

Answer 32

is an immediate surgical indication

Question 33

What does azoospermia mean?
− sperm with reduced pH
− lack of sperm motility
− blood or urine in semen
− sperm free sperm

Answer 33

sperm free sperm

Question 34

When do secondary morphological abnormalities develop?
− during the ripening process
− during spermatogenesis
- both
- none of them

Answer 34

− during the ripening process

Question 35

How do healthy sperm move?
- circular
− straight
- vibrating
− alternating

Answer 35

straight

Question 36

What does the amount of sperm depend on?
- the size of the dog
- the frequency of sperm collection
− both
- none of them

Answer 36

Both

Question 37

At what temperature do we store chilled sperm?
- 0 ⁰C
- 2 ⁰C
− 5 ⁰C
- 8 ⁰C

Answer 37

5 ⁰C

Question 38

In the optimal case, how many million sperm does the ejaculate contain?
− 50
- 100
- 150
− 300

Answer 38

300

Question 39

Which method can NOT be used for artificial insemination with frozen sperm?
- endoscopic method
- Scandinavian method
− intravaginal method
− laparotomy method

Answer 39

intravaginal method

Question 40

How long are sperm viable inside the uterus?
- 1-2 hours
- 10-12 days
- 10-12 hours
- 1-2 days

Answer 40

10-12 days

Question 41

How long does the sperm in the bitch retain its fertilizing ability?
- 2-3 days
- 4-5 days
- 9-11 days
- 13-14 days
- max. One day

Answer 41

9-11 days

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT an indication for artificial insemination?
− prevention of genital infections
- lower quality sperm
− the physical limitations of mating
− male with hidden testicles

Answer 42

male with hidden testicles

Question 43

How can a dog’s fertilization time be predicted?
- Based on the intensity of vaginal bleeding.
- Based on the interest of the male.
− With combined behavioral, vaginal discharge, vaginal cytology and P4 examination.
- From the days of burning: 7-9 days after the appearance of bloody vaginal discharge.

Answer 43

With combined behavioral, vaginal discharge, vaginal cytology and P4 examination

Question 44

Mark the correct statement! Pyometra is…
− it can occur in any period of the cycle, even during pregnancy
- occurs more often in animals showing clinical pseudopregnancy
- in cats, it is less likely to occur in breeds prone to spontaneous ovulation
- can develop even without a bacterial infection

Answer 44

• can develop even without a bacterial infection

Question 45

What causes pyometra in dogs?

− inadequate farrowing hygiene

• placental retention

− a consequence of sepsis resulting from a wound infection

− endometrial degeneration and bacterial infection caused by the combined effect of estrogen and progesterone

Answer 45

endometrial degeneration and bacterial infection caused by the combined effect of estrogen and progesterone

Question 46

Mark the incorrect statement. The condition for conservative / medical treatment of pyometra is…

• good kidney and liver function
• presence of some degree of endometrial degeneration
• young patient

− breeding value and breeding intention

Answer 46

presence of some degree of endometrial degeneration

Question 47

Choose the incorrect statement. In the case of female dogs, pseudopregnancy…

• Physiological condition that does not always involve lactation.
• It can also develop in an iatrogenic form due to the sterilization performed during diestrus (in the corpus luteum phase) in more sensitive individuals.

− In case of false pregnancy, sterilization is contraindicated even during anestrus.

− It can be treated by inhibiting the effect of prolactin, using dopamine agonists.

Answer 47

In case of false pregnancy, sterilization is contraindicated even during anestrus.

Question 48

Which statement about pseudopregnancy is false?

− Lactation appears in all cases in pseudopregnant dogs.

• Pseudopregnancy is characteristic of all corpus luteum phases, but the clinical symptoms can appear to a very variable extent.

− In bitches prone to clinical pseudopregnancy, the symptoms appear in a more severe form after each firing.

• False pregnancy usually develops 6-12 weeks after estrus.

Answer 48

Lactation appears in all cases in pseudopregnant dogs.

Question 49

Which statement about pseudopregnancy is false?

• In milder cases, it does not require medication.
• In case of lactation, drug treatment is recommended.

− The use of a dopamine antagonist is recommended as primary drug therapy.

− Vomiting may occur as a side effect of medication.

Answer 49

The use of a dopamine antagonist is recommended as primary drug therapy

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Question 50

Which hormone stimulates prolactin production in bitches?

− progesterone
− serotonin
- dopamine
− prolactin inhibitory factor

Answer 50

serotonin

Question 51

Choose a painkiller that can be safely used in the bitch during pregnancy and lactation!
- buprenorphine
- less lipid soluble morphine derivatives
− non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- alpha2-agonists

Answer 51

less lipid soluble morphine derivatives

Question 52

Choose the answer that contains the steps of caring for newborn animals in the correct order!

− 1. cleaning the airways and oral cavity, 2. antidote injection, 3. vigorous chest rubbing, 4. tying the umbilical cord, disinfection

− 1. tying the umbilical cord, disinfection, 2. vigorous rubbing of the chest, 3. cleaning the airways, oral cavity, 4. antidote injection

− 1. tying the umbilical cord, disinfection, 2. vigorous rubbing of the chest, 3. antidote injection, 4. cleaning the airways and oral cavity

− 1. ligation of the umbilical cord, disinfection, 2. cleaning of the airways, oral cavity, 3. antidote injection, 4. vigorous rubbing of the
chest

Answer 52

1. cleaning the airways and oral cavity, 2. antidote injection, 3. vigorous chest rubbing, 4. tying the umbilical cord, disinfection

Question 53

What is NOT characteristic of eclampsia (also called puerperal tetany) in bitches?

• most often lactation 1-3. week, less often occurs during pregnancy
• it is characteristic mainly in large breeds, with a smaller number of litters
• a life-threatening condition, the essence of which is a drastic drop in blood calcium levels
• its characteristic symptoms are initially shortness of breath, restlessness, then tremors, and later the development of muscle spasms

Answer 53

it is characteristic mainly in large breeds, with a smaller number of litters

Question 54

Choose the INCORRECT statement about physiological involution.
- Most of it takes place in the first 4-6 weeks of the postpartum period.
- An odorless greenish, then serous-bloody, cleansing liquid is discharged from the vagina.
− A fever may occur and foul-smelling discharge from the vagina.
− Involution can also be observed in non-pregnant animals after diestrus.

Answer 54

A fever may occur and foul-smelling discharge from the vagina.

Question 55

Choose the WRONG statement! Use of oxytocin should be avoided…
- after the birth of the last fetus
- if there are strong ineffective contractions
− 2 doses previously administered 20 minutes apart were ineffective
− in case of fetal distress

Answer 55

after the birth of the last fetus

Question 56

How do you explain the drop in body temperature in dogs before calving?

• Estrogen stimulates the thermoregulatory center.
• Prolactin stimulates the thermoregulatory center.
• Progesterone stimulates the thermoregulatory center during pregnancy.
• Uterine contractions require a lot of energy.

Answer 56

Progesterone stimulates the thermoregulatory center during pregnancy.

Question 57

What is not a sign of impending birth? (mark the false statement)

• The female is restless, nesting.
• Swollen scrotum.
• Clear discharge from the vagina.
  − Sudden increase in body temperature by 1-2 ⁰C.

Answer 57

Sudden increase in body temperature by 1-2 ⁰C.

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Question 58

Choose the incorrect statement. In a pregnant bitch…
- normochromic, normocytic anemia develops
- insulin resistance develops
− continuously decreasing energy demand is characteristic
− a slight increase in white blood cell count may be characteristic

Answer 58

continuously decreasing energy demand is characteristic

Question 59

Which statement is correct regarding pregnancy diagnostics?
− Ultrasound examination is the primary method used to determine pregnancy and to
determine the number and viability of fetuses.
- X-ray examination is the primary method used to determine pregnancy and the number and viability of
fetuses.
− Early detection of pregnancy is possible based on progesterone level measurement.
− The primary method used to determine pregnancy and to determine the number and viability of
fetuses is to determine the relaxin level from blood.

Answer 59

Ultrasound examination is the primary method used to determine pregnancy and to
determine the number and viability of fetuses.

Question 60

Mark the CORRECT statement! Bitch at the end of pregnancy…

− P4 concentration increases.
- Prolactin concentration decreases.
− Relaxin concentration is high.
- An LH peak develops

Answer 60

Relaxin concentration is high.

Question 61

Which statement is false regarding the hormonal background of the dog’s luteal phase?

• In the second half of pregnancy, prolactin and LH are important luteotropic factors.
• Low LH levels cause miscarriage.
  − Progesterone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy.
  − The pregnancy-specific hormone relaxin has an indirect luteotropic effect.

Answer 61

• Low LH levels cause miscarriage.

Question 62

Which is the correct statement about the dog’s pregnancy?

− Eruption, i.e. placental trophectoderm invasion, occurs very late, around day 22 from the LH peak.
- The embryo enters the uterus 3 days after the LH peak.
- The dog is characterized by a hemochorial placental structure.
- Fertilization takes place in the uterine horn.

Answer 62

Eruption, i.e. placental trophectoderm invasion, occurs very late, around day 22 from the LH peak.

Question 63

What is the mediator of the dog’s maternal recognition of pregnancy?

• The placental lactogens.
  − Pregnancy specific protein-B
• Interferon tau
  − The exact signaling mechanism in the dog is not known

Answer 63

The exact signaling mechanism in the dog is not known

Question 64

What is the serum progesterone level during anoestrus?
− <1 ng/ml
− 2 ng/ml
− 5-8 (10) ng/ml
− 10-90 ng/ml

Answer 64

<1 ng/ml

Question 65

What does preovulatory luteinization mean?
− The serum progesterone level begins to rise even before the LH peak.
- The serum progesterone level begins to rise after ovulation.
- A pathological condition that can occur in young bitches.
- None of the above

Answer 65

The serum progesterone level begins to rise even before the LH peak.

Question 66

What is the difference in progesterone levels between pregnant and non-pregnant bitches?

− Nothing.
- In pregnant bitches, it remains high until the end of pregnancy, while in non-pregnant animals, the value of progesterone
decreases after the end of heat.
- In the case of non-pregnant bitches, there is no ovulation, so it remains low throughout.
− In pregnant individuals, the placenta produces progesterone and maintains high P4 levels

Answer 66

• In pregnant bitches, it remains high until the end of pregnancy, while in non-pregnant animals, the value of progesterone
  decreases after the end of heat.

Question 67

Choose the false statement about the dog’s anestrus period.

− mandatory rest period
- its length is basically determined by the length of interestrus
− in the last weeks of anestrus, intense follicular development is characteristic of the ovary
− the beginning of anestrus is an important period of uterine involution

Answer 67

the beginning of anestrus is an important period of uterine involution

Question 68

Which phase of the cycle is typical: the scrotum is small, the mucous membrane of the vagina is pink-red, the surface is smooth

− proestrus
- estrus
− diestrus
− anestrus

Answer 68

anestrus

Question 69

Which phase of the cycle is typical: the proportion of cornified cells in the smear is more than 80-90%

− proestrus
− estrus
− diestrus
− anestrus

Answer 69

estrus

Question 70

Which phase of the cycle is typical: the scrotum is small, the mucous membrane of the vagina is rose-red, rosette-like appearance

− proestrus
- estrus
− diestrus
− anestrus

Answer 70

diestrus

Question 71

Which phase of the cycle is typical: the scrotum is slightly swollen, the mucous membrane of the vagina is whitish, wrinkled, “dry”

− proestrus
− estrus
− diestrus
− anestrus

Answer 71

estrus

Question 72

In which phase of the cycle is the plasma progesterone level highest in the case of a physiological cycle?

− proestrus
- estrus
− diestrus
− anestrus

Answer 72

diestrus

Question 73

In which cycle phase is the bitch receptive?

− proestrus
− estrus
− diestrus
− anestrus

Answer 73

estrus

Question 74

Which statement is true? The clinical symptoms of proestrus in dogs…

• It is caused by an increase in progesterone.
• It is caused by an increase in estrogen.
• Caused by the LH surge.
• It is caused by an increase in prolactin.

Answer 74

it is caused by an increase in estrogen.

Question 75

What causes the change in the proportion of vaginal epithelial cells during the dog’s estrus?

− changes in progesterone concentration
− changes in estrogen concentration
− changes in LH concentration
− changes in FSH concentration

Answer 75

changes in estrogen concentration

Question 76

How many estrus can be observed during a cycle?

• one
• two
• three
• rarely 4 estruses can be observed

Answer 76

one

Question 77

What is characteristic of a dog’s sexual cycle?

• Characterized by seasonal polyestrus
  .
• Ivari’s operation is determined by an internal circannual rhythm and the number of illuminated hours.
• A seasonally estrous monoestrous animal.

− Non-seasonally estrous, monoestrous, spontaneously ovulating animal.

Answer 77

Non-seasonally estrous, monoestrous, spontaneously ovulating animal.