PPT Notes Chapter 7 Flashcards

Question

General Structure of Vertebrae

Answer 1

* Body or centrum * Anterior weight-bearing region * Vertebral arch * Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen * Vertebral foramina * Together make up vertebral canal for spinal cord * Intervertebral foramina * Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves Seven processes per vertebra: * Spinous process—projects posteriorly * Transverse processes (2)—project laterally * Superior articular processes (2)—protrude superiorly inferiorly * Inferior articular processes (2)—protrude inferiorly

Answer 2

* C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae * C3 to C7 share the following features * Oval body * Spinous processes are bifid (except C7) * Large, triangular vertebral foramen * Transverse foramen in each transverse process C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features Atlas (C1) * No body or spinous process * Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses * Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles Axis (C2) * Dens - odontoid process * Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas * Dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

Answer 3

T1 to T12 * All articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets * Long spinous process * Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine

Answer 4

L1 to L5 * Short, thick pedicles and laminae * Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes * Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together so as to prevent rotation

Answer 5

Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5) Forms posterior wall of pelvis Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of the hip bones laterally Coccyx * Tailbone 3–5 fused vertebrae * Articulates superiorly with sacrum

Answer 6

Composed of Thoracic vertebrae Sternum Ribs and their costal cartilages Functions 1. Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity 2. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs 3. Provides attachment sites for many muscles, including intercostal muscles used during breathing

Answer 7

Three fused bones * Manubrium * Articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2 * Body * Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 * Xiphoid process * Site of muscle attachment * Not ossified until ~ age 40

Answer 8

12 pairs * All attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae * Pairs 1 through 7 True (vertebrosternal) ribs Attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages Pairs 8 through12 False ribs Pairs 8–10 also called vertebrochondral ribs Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above Pairs 11–12 also called vertebral (floating) ribs No attachment to sternum

Answer 9

Main parts: * Head * Articulates posteriorly with facets (demifacets) on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae * Neck * Tubercle * Articulates posteriorly with transverse costal facet of same-numbered thoracic vertebra * Shaft

Answer 10

Bones of the limbs and their girdles * Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the body trunk * Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

Answer 11

Clavicles and the scapulae * Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton * Provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs

Answer 12

* Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula * Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum * Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally

Answer 13

* Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 * Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles * Seven large fossae, named according to location

Answer 14

30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb * Arm * Humerus * Forearm * Radius and ulna Hand * 8 carpal bones in the wrist * 5 metacarpal bones in the palm * 14 phalanges in the fingers Upper bones have both condyles and epicondyles

Answer 15

* Largest, longest bone of upper limb * Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula * Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna Trochlea * distal end of humerus that articulates with ulna Capitula * distal end of humerus that articulates with another bone

Answer 16

Ulna * Medial bone in forearm * Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus Radius Lateral bone in forearm Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length

Answer 17

Eight bones in two rows * Proximal row * Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform proximally * Distal row * Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally * Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with radius to form wrist joint

Answer 18

Metacarpus Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the palm Phalanges * Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal * Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) * Thumb has no middle phalanx

Answer 19

* Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae) * Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments * Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs * Support pelvic organs * Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis * Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis

Answer 20

Three regions * Ilium * Superior region of the coxal bone * Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) * Ischium * Posteroinferior part of hip bone * Pubis * Anterior portion of hip bone * Midline pubic symphysis joint

Answer 21

Female pelvis * Adapted for childbearing * True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal * Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity Male pelvis * Tilted less forward * Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles * Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

Answer 22

* Carries the weight of the body * Subjected to exceptional forces * Three segments of the lower limb * Thigh: femur * Leg: tibia and fibula * Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes Lower bones only have condyles

Answer 23

* Largest and strongest bone in the body * Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella

Answer 24

Tibia * Medial leg bone * Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot Fibula Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur Site of muscle attachment Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

Answer 25

* Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot * Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus * Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

Answer 26

Metatarsals: Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” Phalanges * The 14 bones of the toes * Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges * Hallux has no middle phalanx

Answer 27

* Arches are maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons * Arches allow the foot to bear weight Three arches 1. Lateral longitudinal 2. Medial longitudinal 3. Transverse

PPT Notes Chapter 7 Flashcards

(51 cards)