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A&P > Lab Practical 1 Study Guide Terms > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Study Guide Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Simple squamous epithelium - found where?

A
  • Kidney glomeruli
  • air sacs of lungs
  • lining of heart
  • blood and lymphatic vessels
  • lining of ventral body cavity
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2
Q

Simple squamous epithelium - function

A
  • allows material to to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important
  • secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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3
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium - found where?

A
  • kidney tubules
  • ducts and secretory portions of small glands
  • ovary surface
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4
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium - function

A

secretion and absorption

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5
Q

simple columnar epithelium; nonciliated and ciliated - found where?

A

Nonciliated:

  • most of digestive tract (stomach to anal cavity)
  • gallbladder -excretory ducts of some glands

ciliated:

  • small bronchi
  • uterine tubes
  • some regions of the uterus
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6
Q

simple columnar epithelium - function

A
  • absorption
  • secretion of mucus and other substances
  • ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
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7
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - found where?

A
  • lines trachea
  • most of the upper respiratory tract
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8
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - function

A
  • secretion, particularly of mucus
  • propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
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9
Q

stratified squamous epithelium; nonkeratinized and keratinized - found where?

A

nonkeratinized:

-forms moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina

keratinized:

-epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

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10
Q

stratified squamous epithelium - function

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

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11
Q

transitional epithelium - found where?

A

lines:

  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • part of the urethra
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12
Q

transitional epithelium - function

A

stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine

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13
Q

areolar connective tissue - found where?

A

widely distributed under epithelia of body eg:

  • forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
  • packages organs
  • surrounds capillaries
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14
Q

areolar connective tissue - function

A
  • wraps and cushions organs
  • its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
  • plays important role in inflammation
  • holds and conveys tissue fluid
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15
Q

adipose tissue - found where?

A
  • under skin in hypodermis
  • around kidneys and eyeballs
  • within abdomen
  • in breasts
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16
Q

adipose tissue - function

A
  • provides reserve food fuel
  • insulates against heat loss
  • supports and protects organs
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17
Q

reticular connective tissue - found where?

A

lymphoid organs:

  • lymph nodes
  • bone marrow
  • spleen
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18
Q

reticular connective tissue - function

A

fibers form soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

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19
Q

ossesous tissue - found where

A

bones

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20
Q

osseous tissue - function

A
  • forms bone to support and protect by enclosing
  • provides levers for the muscles to act on
  • stores calcium and other minerals and fat
  • marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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21
Q

hyaline cartilage - found where?

A
  • forms most of embryonic skeleton
  • covers ends of long bones in joint cavities
  • forms costal cartilages of the ribs
  • cartilage of the nose, trachea and larynx
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22
Q

hyaline cartilage - function

A
  • supports and reinforces
  • has resilient cushioning properties
  • resists compressive stress
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23
Q

fibrocartilage - found where?

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • pubic symphisis
  • discs of knee joint
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24
Q

fibrocartilage - function

A

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

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25
Q

dense fibrous - found where?

A

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

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26
Q

dense fibrous - function

A
  • attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
  • attaches bones to bones
  • withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
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27
Q

blood - found where?

A

found all throughout the body in organs and cardiovascular vessels

-originates in bone marrow (hematopoiesis)

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28
Q

blood - function

A

-delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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29
Q

skeletal muscle - found where

A
  • skeletal muscles attached to bones
  • occasionally attached to skin
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30
Q

skeletal muscle - function

A
  • voluntary movement
  • locomotion
  • manipulation of environment
  • facial expression
  • voluntary control
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31
Q

cardiac muscle - found where

A

the walls of the heart

32
Q

cardiac muscle - function

A
  • involuntary control
  • as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation
33
Q

smooth muscle - found where

A

mostly in the walls of hollow organs *intestines

34
Q

smooth muscle - function

A
  • involuntary control
  • propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways
35
Q

nervous tissue (neuron) - found where

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
36
Q

nervous tissue (neuron) - function

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity

37
Q

Brain - tissues and function

A
  • nervous tissue (neurons)
  • part of the nervous system, acts as the fast-acting control center of the body and responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate glands and muscles
38
Q

Lung - tissues and function

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • performs gaseous exchange needed to keep the blood supplied with oxygen and free of carbon dioxide
39
Q

Heart - tissue and function

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue
  • propels blood into circulation throughout the body
40
Q

Liver - tissue and function

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • detoxification, protein synthesis, production of biochemicals necessary for digestion, glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, hormone production, etc *considered part of the digestive system
41
Q

Stomach - tissue and function

A
  • smooth muscle tissue
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • aids in the breakdown of foodstuffs
42
Q

Spleen - tissue and function

A
  • reticular connective tissue
  • acts primarily as a blood filter, recycles iron
43
Q

large intestine - tissue and function

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • smooth muscle
  • absorbs water from remaining indigestible food matter, and passes useless waste material from the body
44
Q

small intestine - tissue and function

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • smooth muscle tissue
  • where much of digestion and absorption of food takes place
45
Q

trachea - tissue and function

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated) with goblet cells that produce mucus
  • connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air
46
Q

diaphragm

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • the diaphragm contracts, so the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs
47
Q

plasma membrane surrounding the cell - function

A
  • separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
  • determines which substances may enter or leave the cell and in what quantities
48
Q

nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus - function

A
  • double-layered porous membrane
  • large nuclear pores permit large molecules like protein and RNA molecules to pass easily
49
Q

Smooth ER - function

A
  • Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
  • slippery, fats
  • site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification (no protein synthesis)

Catalyzes:

In the liver - lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs

In the testes - synthesis of steroid based hormones

In the intestinal cells - absortion, synthesis and transport of fats

In skeletal and cardiac muscle - storage and release of calcium

50
Q

Rough ER - function

A
  • Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
  • Studded with ribosomes
  • manufactures all secreted proteins
  • responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
  • tubules of the rough ER provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas
  • external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol
51
Q

Golgi apparatus - function

A
  • stacked and flattened membranous sacs
  • cell “chop shop”
  • functions in modification, concentration and packaging of proteins
52
Q

mitochondrion - function

A
  • double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae
  • provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
  • contain their own DNA and RNA
53
Q

Ribosomes - function

A
  • single stranded polynucleotide
  • granules containing protein and rRNA
  • site of protein synthesis
  • free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins
  • membrane bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes
54
Q

chromatin - function

A
  • threadlike strands of DNA and histones
  • arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes
  • form condensed, barlike bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide
55
Q

nucleolus - function

A
  • dark staining spherical bodies within the nucleus
  • site of ribosome production
  • has no membrane
56
Q

cytoskeleton - function

A
  • the “skeleton” of the cell
  • dynamic, elaborate series of rods and tubes running through the cytosol
  • consists of microfilaments (small), intermediate filaments (medium), and microtubules (larger)
57
Q

centrioles - function

A
  • 9x3 pinwheel array of nine triplets of tubules
  • small barrel shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
  • organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
  • form the bases of cilia and flagella
58
Q

Spindle - function

A
  • the subcellular structure that segregates chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division
  • occurs early/late prophase
59
Q

chromosome - function

A

-an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.

60
Q

prophase

A
  • first phase of mitosis
  • asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • nucleoli disappear
  • centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed
61
Q

metaphase

A
  • second phase of mitosis
  • chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell
  • this arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate
62
Q

anaphase

A
  • thrid phase of mitosis
  • centromeres of the chromosomes split
  • motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles
63
Q

telophase

A
  • fourth phase of mitosis
  • new sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin
  • new nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER
  • nucleoli reappear
64
Q

cytokinesis

A

-the completion of mitosis when the cells split

65
Q

interphase

A
  • Interphase is also known as preparatory phase, in this stage nucleus and cytosol division does not occur.The cell prepares to divide by taking in nutrients, etc.
66
Q

cleavage furrow

A
  • the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage
  • becomes prominent in telophase
67
Q

epidermis

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • superficial region cells of epidermis
  • keratinocytes
    • produce fibrous protein keratin
  • melanocytes
    • 10-25% of cells in lower epidermis, produce pigment melanin
  • epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells
    • macrophages that help activate immune system
  • tactile (Merkel) cells
    • touch receptors
68
Q

dermis

A
  • largest
  • middle region
  • strong, flexible connective tissue
  • cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occassionally mast cells and white blood cells

two layers

  • -papillary (top)
  • -reticular (all the rest)
69
Q

hypodermis (superficial fascia)

A
  • deepest region
  • subcutaneous layer deep to skin (not technically part of skin)
  • mostly adipose tissue
70
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A
  • nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure
  • wrapped by a layer of connective tissue
71
Q

eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland

A
  • abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
  • subdivision of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  • sweat: 99% water, NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
  • ducts connect to pores
  • function in thermoregulation
72
Q

sebaceous (oil) gland

A
  • widely distributed
  • most develop from hair follicles
  • become active at puberty

secretes sebum:

  • -oily holocrine secretion
  • -bactericidal
  • -softens hair and skin
73
Q

pore

A
  • known as sudoriferous or sweat glands
  • two main types (eccrine and apocrine)

apocrine

  • -confined to axillary and anogenital areas
  • -ducts connect to hair follicles
  • -functional from puberty onward (as sexual scent glands?)
74
Q

hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)

A
  • sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb
  • stimulated by bending a hair
75
Q

hair shaft

A

-the actual hair that is exposed above the epidermis and contained within the hair follicle

76
Q

arrector pili muscle

A
  • -smooth muscle attached to follicle
  • -responsible for “goose bumps”
77
Q

vascular plexus (artery and vein)

A
  • a network of intercommunicating blood vessels.
  • a plexus of peripheral nerves through which blood vessels receive innervation.

A&P (16 decks)

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