Lab Practical 1 Study Guide Terms Flashcards
Simple squamous epithelium - found where?
- Kidney glomeruli
- air sacs of lungs
- lining of heart
- blood and lymphatic vessels
- lining of ventral body cavity
Simple squamous epithelium - function
- allows material to to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important
- secretes lubricating substances in serosae
simple cuboidal epithelium - found where?
- kidney tubules
- ducts and secretory portions of small glands
- ovary surface
simple cuboidal epithelium - function
secretion and absorption
simple columnar epithelium; nonciliated and ciliated - found where?
Nonciliated:
- most of digestive tract (stomach to anal cavity)
- gallbladder -excretory ducts of some glands
ciliated:
- small bronchi
- uterine tubes
- some regions of the uterus
simple columnar epithelium - function
- absorption
- secretion of mucus and other substances
- ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - found where?
- lines trachea
- most of the upper respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - function
- secretion, particularly of mucus
- propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
stratified squamous epithelium; nonkeratinized and keratinized - found where?
nonkeratinized:
-forms moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina
keratinized:
-epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
stratified squamous epithelium - function
protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
transitional epithelium - found where?
lines:
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- part of the urethra
transitional epithelium - function
stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine
areolar connective tissue - found where?
widely distributed under epithelia of body eg:
- forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
- packages organs
- surrounds capillaries
areolar connective tissue - function
- wraps and cushions organs
- its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
- plays important role in inflammation
- holds and conveys tissue fluid
adipose tissue - found where?
- under skin in hypodermis
- around kidneys and eyeballs
- within abdomen
- in breasts
adipose tissue - function
- provides reserve food fuel
- insulates against heat loss
- supports and protects organs
reticular connective tissue - found where?
lymphoid organs:
- lymph nodes
- bone marrow
- spleen
reticular connective tissue - function
fibers form soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
ossesous tissue - found where
bones
osseous tissue - function
- forms bone to support and protect by enclosing
- provides levers for the muscles to act on
- stores calcium and other minerals and fat
- marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
hyaline cartilage - found where?
- forms most of embryonic skeleton
- covers ends of long bones in joint cavities
- forms costal cartilages of the ribs
- cartilage of the nose, trachea and larynx
hyaline cartilage - function
- supports and reinforces
- has resilient cushioning properties
- resists compressive stress
fibrocartilage - found where?
- intervertebral discs
- pubic symphisis
- discs of knee joint
fibrocartilage - function
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
dense fibrous - found where?
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
dense fibrous - function
- attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
- attaches bones to bones
- withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
blood - found where?
found all throughout the body in organs and cardiovascular vessels
-originates in bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
blood - function
-delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
skeletal muscle - found where
- skeletal muscles attached to bones
- occasionally attached to skin
skeletal muscle - function
- voluntary movement
- locomotion
- manipulation of environment
- facial expression
- voluntary control
cardiac muscle - found where
the walls of the heart
cardiac muscle - function
- involuntary control
- as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation
smooth muscle - found where
mostly in the walls of hollow organs *intestines
smooth muscle - function
- involuntary control
- propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways
nervous tissue (neuron) - found where
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
nervous tissue (neuron) - function
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity
Brain - tissues and function
- nervous tissue (neurons)
- part of the nervous system, acts as the fast-acting control center of the body and responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate glands and muscles
Lung - tissues and function
- simple squamous epithelium
- simple columnar epithelium
- performs gaseous exchange needed to keep the blood supplied with oxygen and free of carbon dioxide
Heart - tissue and function
- cardiac muscle tissue
- propels blood into circulation throughout the body
Liver - tissue and function
- epithelial tissue
- detoxification, protein synthesis, production of biochemicals necessary for digestion, glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, hormone production, etc *considered part of the digestive system
Stomach - tissue and function
- smooth muscle tissue
- simple columnar epithelium
- aids in the breakdown of foodstuffs
Spleen - tissue and function
- reticular connective tissue
- acts primarily as a blood filter, recycles iron
large intestine - tissue and function
- simple columnar epithelium
- smooth muscle
- absorbs water from remaining indigestible food matter, and passes useless waste material from the body
small intestine - tissue and function
- simple columnar epithelium
- smooth muscle tissue
- where much of digestion and absorption of food takes place
trachea - tissue and function
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated) with goblet cells that produce mucus
- connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air
diaphragm
- skeletal muscle
- the diaphragm contracts, so the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs
plasma membrane surrounding the cell - function
- separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
- determines which substances may enter or leave the cell and in what quantities
nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus - function
- double-layered porous membrane
- large nuclear pores permit large molecules like protein and RNA molecules to pass easily
Smooth ER - function
- Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
- slippery, fats
- site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification (no protein synthesis)
Catalyzes:
In the liver - lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs
In the testes - synthesis of steroid based hormones
In the intestinal cells - absortion, synthesis and transport of fats
In skeletal and cardiac muscle - storage and release of calcium
Rough ER - function
- Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
- Studded with ribosomes
- manufactures all secreted proteins
- responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
- tubules of the rough ER provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas
- external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol
Golgi apparatus - function
- stacked and flattened membranous sacs
- cell “chop shop”
- functions in modification, concentration and packaging of proteins
mitochondrion - function
- double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae
- provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
- contain their own DNA and RNA
Ribosomes - function
- single stranded polynucleotide
- granules containing protein and rRNA
- site of protein synthesis
- free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins
- membrane bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes
chromatin - function
- threadlike strands of DNA and histones
- arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes
- form condensed, barlike bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide
nucleolus - function
- dark staining spherical bodies within the nucleus
- site of ribosome production
- has no membrane
cytoskeleton - function
- the “skeleton” of the cell
- dynamic, elaborate series of rods and tubes running through the cytosol
- consists of microfilaments (small), intermediate filaments (medium), and microtubules (larger)
centrioles - function
- 9x3 pinwheel array of nine triplets of tubules
- small barrel shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
- organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
- form the bases of cilia and flagella
Spindle - function
- the subcellular structure that segregates chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division
- occurs early/late prophase
chromosome - function
-an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
prophase
- first phase of mitosis
- asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- nucleoli disappear
- centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed
metaphase
- second phase of mitosis
- chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell
- this arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate
anaphase
- thrid phase of mitosis
- centromeres of the chromosomes split
- motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles
telophase
- fourth phase of mitosis
- new sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin
- new nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER
- nucleoli reappear
cytokinesis
-the completion of mitosis when the cells split
interphase
- Interphase is also known as preparatory phase, in this stage nucleus and cytosol division does not occur.The cell prepares to divide by taking in nutrients, etc.
cleavage furrow
- the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage
- becomes prominent in telophase
epidermis
- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- superficial region cells of epidermis
- keratinocytes
- produce fibrous protein keratin
- melanocytes
- 10-25% of cells in lower epidermis, produce pigment melanin
- epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells
- macrophages that help activate immune system
- tactile (Merkel) cells
- touch receptors
dermis
- largest
- middle region
- strong, flexible connective tissue
- cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occassionally mast cells and white blood cells
two layers
- -papillary (top)
- -reticular (all the rest)
hypodermis (superficial fascia)
- deepest region
- subcutaneous layer deep to skin (not technically part of skin)
- mostly adipose tissue
Pacinian corpuscle
- nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure
- wrapped by a layer of connective tissue
eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland
- abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
- subdivision of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- sweat: 99% water, NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
- ducts connect to pores
- function in thermoregulation
sebaceous (oil) gland
- widely distributed
- most develop from hair follicles
- become active at puberty
secretes sebum:
- -oily holocrine secretion
- -bactericidal
- -softens hair and skin
pore
- known as sudoriferous or sweat glands
- two main types (eccrine and apocrine)
apocrine
- -confined to axillary and anogenital areas
- -ducts connect to hair follicles
- -functional from puberty onward (as sexual scent glands?)
hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)
- sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb
- stimulated by bending a hair
hair shaft
-the actual hair that is exposed above the epidermis and contained within the hair follicle
arrector pili muscle
- -smooth muscle attached to follicle
- -responsible for “goose bumps”
vascular plexus (artery and vein)
- a network of intercommunicating blood vessels.
- a plexus of peripheral nerves through which blood vessels receive innervation.
