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A&P > PPT Notes: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

PPT Notes: Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoeisis

A

process of making blood in the bone

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2
Q

cell layers

A
  • simple - single layered
  • stratified - two or more layers
  • pseudostratified - single layered
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3
Q

cardiac muscle cell

A

long branched chain

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4
Q

skeletal muscle cell

A

no branching; multi-nucleated cell

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5
Q

What are the 4 principles of cell theory?

A
  • -The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
  • -Activity of the organism depends on individual and collective activity of cells
  • -Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure
  • -Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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6
Q

Cells vary greatly in what 3 areas?

A

size, shape and functions

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7
Q

All cells are composed primarily of what elements?

A

NCHOPS

  • -Nitrogen
  • -Carbon
  • -Hydrogen
  • -Oxygen
  • -Phosphorous
  • -Sulfur
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8
Q

All cells have the same…

A

basic parts and some common functions

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9
Q

A generalized human cell contains 3 major regions:

A
  • -the plasma membrane
  • -cytoplasm
  • -nucleus
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10
Q

3 characteristics of the plasma membrane

A
  • -Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
  • -Plays dynamic role in cellular activity
  • -Utilizes 3 common biological molecules: protein, carbohydrates and lipids in its structure
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11
Q

Glycolipids are… found only … function in…

A
  • -lipids with bound carbohydrates
  • -found in the outer membrane
  • -function in cell signaling

*Cholesterol maintains fluidity of the membrane and is found in the lipid portion

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12
Q

glycocalyx

A

*calyx=coat

  • -aka cell coat
  • -fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate
  • -involved with cell recognition:
    • fertilization, immunity (determines blood type), acts as adhesive between cells
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13
Q

tight junction

A

impermeable junction that encircles the cell

*found in bladder, intestine, etc

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14
Q

desmosome

A

anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells

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15
Q

gap junction

A

a nexus (tube) that allows chemical substances to pass between cells

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16
Q

passive transport does not require…

A

energy

*the amount of E required is too small to be significant

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17
Q

facile

A

easy

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18
Q

Osmosis

A
  • -passive membrane transport
  • -diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
  • -Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane
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19
Q

Osmolarity

A

total concentration of solute particles in a solution (%)

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20
Q

tonicity

A

how a solution affects cell volume

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21
Q

toni-

A

tension

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22
Q

isotonic

A

solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

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23
Q

iso-

A

same

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24
Q

hypertonic

A

solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol

25
Q

hypotonic

A

solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol

26
Q

crenate

A

to shrivel up

27
Q

Which way does water move in the concentration gradient?

A

always moves down

28
Q

Osmotic imbalance on living red blood cells:hypertonic and hypotonic

A
  • -crenation in hypertonic solution
  • -hemolysis in hypotonic solution
29
Q

Filtration

A

=Passive membrane transport=the passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

  • -pressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area
  • -essential for proper urine formation
30
Q

Active transport

A
  • -Uses ATP (energy) to move solutes across a membrane
  • -requires carrier proteins (pumps)
31
Q

What are the two active transport systems?

A

Symport system

    • two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction (cat walks in, you walk in)

Antiport system

    • two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions (cat walks in, you walk out)
32
Q

What kind of pump is Na+K+ pump

A

antiport

*salt on a banana

33
Q

Primary active transport

A

hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change

34
Q

Secondary active transport

A

use of an exchange pump (such as Na+K+ pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes

-uses the gradient established by the primary transport

*Na+K+ = salt on a banana

35
Q

Vesicular transport

A

transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes within a vesicle

  • -exocytosis moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space (out)
  • -endocytosis enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell (in)
36
Q

Transcytosis

A

moving substances into, across and out of the cell

37
Q

Vesicular trafficking

A

moving substances from area in the cell to another within vesicles

38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior

39
Q

Fluid-phase endocytosis

A

the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell

40
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

clathrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis

*clathrin = parking sign

41
Q

Non clathrin-coated vesicles

A

caveolae that are platforms for a variety of signaling molecules

42
Q

CAMs: Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Act as:

  • -anchors eg desmosomes
  • -sticky arms for cellular migration
  • -SOS signals for immunity
  • -Mechanical sensors for local tension at the cell surface
  • -Intracellular transmitters
43
Q

Ribosomes

A

single stranded plynucleotide

  • -granules containing protein and rRNA
  • -site of protein synthesis
  • -Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins
  • -membrane bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes
44
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • external surface studded with ribosomes
  • manufactures all secreted proteins
  • responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
45
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

*slippery, fats

  • -tubules arranged in a looping network
  • -catalyzes reactions in various organs of the body
46
Q

Smooth ER catalyzation in the liver

A

lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and, along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs

47
Q

Smooth ER catalyzation in the testes

A

synthesis of steroid-based hormones

48
Q

Smooth ER catalyzation in the intestinal cells

A

absorption, synthesis and transport of fats

49
Q

Smooth ER catalyzation in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

storage and release of calcium

50
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • -stacked and flattened membranous sacs
  • -operates as the cell’s “chop shop”
  • -functions in modification, concentration and packaging of proteins
51
Q

Describe the process proteins go through when being modified by the Golgi apparatus

A
  • -Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face (receiving side) of the Golgi apparatus
  • -proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face (releasing side)
  • -secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell
52
Q

Nucleus

A

*most important structure

  • -contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
  • -gene-containing control center of the cell
53
Q

Stages of mitosis (nuclear division)

A

PMAT

  • -Prophase
  • -Metaphase
  • -Anaphase
  • -Telophase
54
Q

Prophase

A
  • -Asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • -nucleoli disappear
  • -centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed
55
Q

Metaphase

A
  • -Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell
  • -This arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate
56
Q

Anaphase

A
  • -Centromeres of the chromosome split
  • -Motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles
57
Q

Telophase/Cytokinesis

A

New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin

  • -New nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER
  • -Nucleoli reappear
  • -Generally cytokinesis completes cell division
58
Q

Protein synthesis

A
  • -DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis
  • -Genes are segments of DNA carryig instructions for a polypeptide chain
  • -Triplets of nucleotide bases form the genetic library
  • -Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid
59
Q

Central Dogma

A

Information transfer from DNA to RNA to Protein

A&P (16 decks)

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