PPT Notes: Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
the study of structures and interrelationship of parts
Subdivisions of Anatomy (3)*
MMD
- Macroscopic (Gross) - eg regional, surface and systemic anatomy
- Microscopic - eg cytology, histology
- Developmental - eg embryology
Observation is…
sensory input
Subdivisions of observation (3)*
MPA
- Manipulation: preparing specimens for study via dissection or histological study
- Palpatation: touching with your hands
- Auscultation: listening with a stethoscope
Physiology is…
The study of function at many levels; HOW the body works
Physiology subdivisions are based on…
organ systems (eg renal or cardiovascular physiology)
Renal
kidney
Cardio
heart
Vascular
vessels, such as blood vessels or lymphatic vessels
Essential tools for the study of physiology (3)*
FPC
- Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular), looking at feedback mechanisms and homeostasis.
- Basic physical principles (eg electrical currents, pressure and movement
- Basic chemical principles
Principle of Complementarity as it pertains to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and physiology are inseperable
- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form
- “What does it do?” “Well, what does it look like?”
- Because function (physiology) reflects structure (anatomy), structure will determine and/or influence function.
Levels of Structural Organization (6)*
CCTOOO
- Chemical- atoms and molecules
- Cellular- cells and their organelles
- Tissue- groups of similar cells
- Organ- contains two or more types of tissues
- Organ system- organs that work closely together
- Organism(al)- all organ systems
The Integumentary system forms… What three other functions does it perform?
external body covering
- protects deeper tissue from injury.
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- Houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat/oil glands
The Skeletal System: Main components and 4* major functions
Includes bones, cartilage,and ligaments
PPBB
- Protects and supports body organs
- Provides a framework the muscles use for locomotion
- Blood cells are formed within bones
- Bones store minerals
Muscular system*
MeLPH
- Allows manipulation of environment
- Allows locomotion, facial expression
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
The Nervous system is the… and responds to
- Control system of the body
- Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine system
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as (GRM) growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
- is necessary for childbearing due to the many hormones secreted
- is affected by the removal of the adrenal gland
Endocrine glands are…
ductless, therefore they secrete directly into the bloodstream
Major glands of the endocrine system (3)*
TTP
- thyroid
- thymus
- pituitary glands
Cardiovascular system includes…
Heart and blood vessels
- heart pumps blood
- blood vessels carry the blood
- blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
Arteries, veins and heart are a part of what system?
Cardiovascular system
This system uses blood as the major transport vehicle.
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system/Immunity serves what four functions?
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.
- Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
- Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
- The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Lymphocytes are also known as…
white blood cells
The lymphatic system includes…* (short list)
LSL
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- lymphatic vessels
Key structures of the respiratory system (3)*
TBA
- trachea
- bronchi
- alveoli
The Respiratory system does what? Where does it occur?
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
- The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Alimentary canal
- digestive tract
- long, hollow tube
The Digestive system…
- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
- Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
The Urinary system - What does it do and what does it regulate?
- Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body.
WEAB
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Male and Female reproductive system
Overall function is production of offspring.
Testes…
produce sperm and male sex hormone
Ovaries…
Produce eggs and female sex hormones
Male ducts and glands…
aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
What is the basic principle of organ system interrelationships
- All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
- Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
Necessary Life Functions*
MMRDMERG (or ERMMMGRD)
- Maintain boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
Maintaining boundaries between…
internal and external environments
- plasma membranes aka cell membranes
- skin and other membranes
Movement aka…
Contractility
- Of body parts (skeletal muscle): locomotion, manipulation, facial expression
- Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle): blood, food, urine, etc
Responsiveness is…
The ability to sense and respond to stimuli aka irritability
- Withdrawal reflex
- Control of breathing rate
Digestion is…
- Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
- Absorption of simple molecules into blood
Metabolism is…
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
- Catabolism>breaking down
- Anabolism>building up
Cata-
down
Ana-
up from the source
Excretion is…*
The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
UFC
- Urea
- feces
- carbon dioxide
Reproduction is…
- Cellular division for growth or repair aka mitosis
- Production of offspring through the fertilization of an ovum with a sperm cell
Growth is…
Increase in size of a body part or of organism through individual cell growth and increase in the number of cells
Survival needs (5)*
NOWNA
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temperature
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure
What are Nutrients? What are the 4 subdivisions?
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Macros and micros
- carbs for “now” energy
- fats for reserve energy and cell membranes
- proteins for building cell structures
- vitamins and minerals for chemical reactions (metabolism)
Oxygen is essential for…
energy release (ATP production) via oxidative reactions
Water is…
- Most abundant chemical in the body
- Site of chemical reactions
Normal body temperature is… and affects…
37C or 98.6F
Affects rate of chemical reactions
- increased temperature=increased speed of reactions
- decreased temperature=decreased speed of reactions
Appropriate atmospheric pressure is needed for…
adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Homeostasis is defined as…
- Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
- A dynamic state of equilibrium within narrow limits
*Actual equilibrium would mean death
Homeostatic control mechanisms involve… and are aided by what systems?
- Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
- Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
3 Major Componenets of a control mechanism*
RCE
- Receptor (sensor; any of the five senses)
- Control center (either the brain or spinal cord)
- Effector (either a muscle and/or gland)
Receptor: What is it and what does it do?
Sensor (any of the five senses)
- Monitors the environment
- Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
Control center: What is it and what does it do?
Either the brain or spinal cord
- Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
- Receives input from the receptor
- Determines appropriate response
Effector: What is it and what does it do?
either a muscle and/or a gland
- receives output from control center
- provides the means to respond
- response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (negative or positive feedback)
Afferent pathway
pathway from which input (info) travels from receptor to the control center
Afferent=Approach
Efferent pathway
pathway from which output (info) travels from control center to the effector
E**fferent=**Exit
Homeostatic interaction (negative feedback) (5)*
SRIOR
- Stimulus-produces change in variable
- Receptor-detects change
- Input-Info sent along afferent pathway to control center
- Output-Info sent along efferent pathway to effector
- Response-Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.
Negative feedback is…
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus (push, push back)
eg.
- regulation of body temperature
- regulation of blood volume by ADH (antidiuretic hormone - an endocrine mechanism)
Negative feedback: Regulation of blood volume by ADH
- Receptors sense decreased blood volume
- Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- ADH causes kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood
Positive feedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the stimulus (push, pull)
- may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect to a point where it reverts back to negative feedback
Usually controls infrequent events such as:
- enhancements of labor contractions by oxytocin
- platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Homeostatic imbalance is a… and has what effects?
Disturbance of homeostasis
- increases risk of disease
- contributes to changes associated with aging
- may allow destructive feedback to take over (eg heart failure)
Organ
Any structure composed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function
The integumentary system includes (3)…
hair, skin, nails
The organs of the skeletal system include…(3)*
BCL
- bone
- cartilage
- ligaments
(bones and joints)
Blood cells are formed where?
Within bones
Bones store what?
minerals
Organs of the endocrine system include (8)*
PPTTAPTO
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Thymus
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
- Testis
- Ovary
Organs of the lymphatic/immunity system include (6)*
RTLTSL
- Red bone marrow
- Thymus
- Lymphatic vessels
- Thoracic dust
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
Organs of the respiratory system include (6)*
NPLTBL
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Lung
Organs of the digestive system (alimentary canal) include (8)*
OELSSLRA (SEA ROLLS)
- Oral cavity
- Esophagus
- Liver
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
Organs of the urinary system include (4)*
KUUU
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Organs of the male reproductive system include (5)*
PPTSD
- Prostate gland
- Penis
- Testis
- Scrotum
- Ductus deferens
Organs of the female reproductive system include (5)*
MOUUV
- Mammary glands
- Ovary
- Uterus
- Uterine tube
- Vagina
A smooth muscle is…
any hollow organ, tube
Largest organ of body
skin
Largest organ in body
liver
