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A&P > PPT Notes: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

PPT Notes: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

the study of structures and interrelationship of parts

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2
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy (3)*

A

MMD

  • Macroscopic (Gross) - eg regional, surface and systemic anatomy
  • Microscopic - eg cytology, histology
  • Developmental - eg embryology
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3
Q

Observation is…

A

sensory input

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4
Q

Subdivisions of observation (3)*

A

MPA

  • Manipulation: preparing specimens for study via dissection or histological study
  • Palpatation: touching with your hands
  • Auscultation: listening with a stethoscope
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5
Q

Physiology is…

A

The study of function at many levels; HOW the body works

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6
Q

Physiology subdivisions are based on…

A

organ systems (eg renal or cardiovascular physiology)

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7
Q

Renal

A

kidney

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8
Q

Cardio

A

heart

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9
Q

Vascular

A

vessels, such as blood vessels or lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

Essential tools for the study of physiology (3)*

A

FPC

  • Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular), looking at feedback mechanisms and homeostasis.
  • Basic physical principles (eg electrical currents, pressure and movement
  • Basic chemical principles
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11
Q

Principle of Complementarity as it pertains to Anatomy and Physiology

A

Anatomy and physiology are inseperable

  • Function always reflects structure
  • What a structure can do depends on its specific form
  • “What does it do?” “Well, what does it look like?”
  • Because function (physiology) reflects structure (anatomy), structure will determine and/or influence function.
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12
Q

Levels of Structural Organization (6)*

A

CCTOOO

  • Chemical- atoms and molecules
  • Cellular- cells and their organelles
  • Tissue- groups of similar cells
  • Organ- contains two or more types of tissues
  • Organ system- organs that work closely together
  • Organism(al)- all organ systems
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13
Q

The Integumentary system forms… What three other functions does it perform?

A

external body covering

  • protects deeper tissue from injury.
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
  • Houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat/oil glands
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14
Q

The Skeletal System: Main components and 4* major functions

A

Includes bones, cartilage,and ligaments

PPBB

  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Provides a framework the muscles use for locomotion
  • Blood cells are formed within bones
  • Bones store minerals
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15
Q

Muscular system*

A

MeLPH

  • Allows manipulation of environment
  • Allows locomotion, facial expression
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces heat
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16
Q

The Nervous system is the… and responds to

A
  • Control system of the body
  • Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
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17
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as (GRM) growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
  • is necessary for childbearing due to the many hormones secreted
  • is affected by the removal of the adrenal gland
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18
Q

Endocrine glands are…

A

ductless, therefore they secrete directly into the bloodstream

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19
Q

Major glands of the endocrine system (3)*

A

TTP

  • thyroid
  • thymus
  • pituitary glands
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20
Q

Cardiovascular system includes…

A

Heart and blood vessels

  • heart pumps blood
  • blood vessels carry the blood
  • blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
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21
Q

Arteries, veins and heart are a part of what system?

A

Cardiovascular system

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22
Q

This system uses blood as the major transport vehicle.

A

Cardiovascular system

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23
Q

Lymphatic system/Immunity serves what four functions?

A
  • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.
  • Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  • Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
  • The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
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24
Q

Lymphocytes are also known as…

A

white blood cells

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25
Q

The lymphatic system includes…* (short list)

A

LSL

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • lymphatic vessels
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26
Q

Key structures of the respiratory system (3)*

A

TBA

  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • alveoli
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27
Q

The Respiratory system does what? Where does it occur?

A
  • Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
  • The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
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28
Q

Alimentary canal

A
  • digestive tract
  • long, hollow tube
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29
Q

The Digestive system…

A
  • Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
  • Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
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30
Q

The Urinary system - What does it do and what does it regulate?

A
  • Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body.

WEAB

  • Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
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31
Q

Male and Female reproductive system

A

Overall function is production of offspring.

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32
Q

Testes…

A

produce sperm and male sex hormone

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33
Q

Ovaries…

A

Produce eggs and female sex hormones

34
Q

Male ducts and glands…

A

aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

35
Q

What is the basic principle of organ system interrelationships

A
  • All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
  • Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
36
Q

Necessary Life Functions*

A

MMRDMERG (or ERMMMGRD)

  1. Maintain boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
37
Q

Maintaining boundaries between…

A

internal and external environments

  • plasma membranes aka cell membranes
  • skin and other membranes
38
Q

Movement aka…

A

Contractility

  • Of body parts (skeletal muscle): locomotion, manipulation, facial expression
  • Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle): blood, food, urine, etc
39
Q

Responsiveness is…

A

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli aka irritability

  • Withdrawal reflex
  • Control of breathing rate
40
Q

Digestion is…

A
  • Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
  • Absorption of simple molecules into blood
41
Q

Metabolism is…

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

  • Catabolism>breaking down
  • Anabolism>building up
42
Q

Cata-

A

down

43
Q

Ana-

A

up from the source

44
Q

Excretion is…*

A

The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

UFC

  • Urea
  • feces
  • carbon dioxide
45
Q

Reproduction is…

A
  • Cellular division for growth or repair aka mitosis
  • Production of offspring through the fertilization of an ovum with a sperm cell
46
Q

Growth is…

A

Increase in size of a body part or of organism through individual cell growth and increase in the number of cells

47
Q

Survival needs (5)*

A

NOWNA

  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Normal body temperature
  • Appropriate atmospheric pressure
48
Q

What are Nutrients? What are the 4 subdivisions?

A

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Macros and micros

  • carbs for “now” energy
  • fats for reserve energy and cell membranes
  • proteins for building cell structures
  • vitamins and minerals for chemical reactions (metabolism)
49
Q

Oxygen is essential for…

A

energy release (ATP production) via oxidative reactions

50
Q

Water is…

A
  • Most abundant chemical in the body
  • Site of chemical reactions
51
Q

Normal body temperature is… and affects…

A

37C or 98.6F

Affects rate of chemical reactions

  • increased temperature=increased speed of reactions
  • decreased temperature=decreased speed of reactions
52
Q

Appropriate atmospheric pressure is needed for…

A

adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

53
Q

Homeostasis is defined as…

A
  • Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
  • A dynamic state of equilibrium within narrow limits

*Actual equilibrium would mean death

54
Q

Homeostatic control mechanisms involve… and are aided by what systems?

A
  • Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
  • Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
55
Q

3 Major Componenets of a control mechanism*

A

RCE

  • Receptor (sensor; any of the five senses)
  • Control center (either the brain or spinal cord)
  • Effector (either a muscle and/or gland)
56
Q

Receptor: What is it and what does it do?

A

Sensor (any of the five senses)

  • Monitors the environment
  • Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
57
Q

Control center: What is it and what does it do?

A

Either the brain or spinal cord

  • Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
  • Receives input from the receptor
  • Determines appropriate response
58
Q

Effector: What is it and what does it do?

A

either a muscle and/or a gland

  • receives output from control center
  • provides the means to respond
  • response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (negative or positive feedback)
59
Q

Afferent pathway

A

pathway from which input (info) travels from receptor to the control center

Afferent=Approach

60
Q

Efferent pathway

A

pathway from which output (info) travels from control center to the effector

E**fferent=**Exit

61
Q

Homeostatic interaction (negative feedback) (5)*

A

SRIOR

  • Stimulus-produces change in variable
  • Receptor-detects change
  • Input-Info sent along afferent pathway to control center
  • Output-Info sent along efferent pathway to effector
  • Response-Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.
62
Q

Negative feedback is…

A

The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus (push, push back)

eg.

  • regulation of body temperature
  • regulation of blood volume by ADH (antidiuretic hormone - an endocrine mechanism)
63
Q

Negative feedback: Regulation of blood volume by ADH

A
  • Receptors sense decreased blood volume
  • Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • ADH causes kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood
64
Q

Positive feedback

A

The response enhances or exaggerates the stimulus (push, pull)

  • may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect to a point where it reverts back to negative feedback

Usually controls infrequent events such as:

  • enhancements of labor contractions by oxytocin
  • platelet plug formation and blood clotting
65
Q

Homeostatic imbalance is a… and has what effects?

A

Disturbance of homeostasis

  • increases risk of disease
  • contributes to changes associated with aging
  • may allow destructive feedback to take over (eg heart failure)
66
Q

Organ

A

Any structure composed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

67
Q

The integumentary system includes (3)…

A

hair, skin, nails

68
Q

The organs of the skeletal system include…(3)*

A

BCL

  • bone
  • cartilage
  • ligaments

(bones and joints)

69
Q

Blood cells are formed where?

A

Within bones

70
Q

Bones store what?

A

minerals

71
Q

Organs of the endocrine system include (8)*

A

PPTTAPTO

  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Testis
  • Ovary
72
Q

Organs of the lymphatic/immunity system include (6)*

A

RTLTSL

  • Red bone marrow
  • Thymus
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Thoracic dust
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
73
Q

Organs of the respiratory system include (6)*

A

NPLTBL

  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Lung
74
Q

Organs of the digestive system (alimentary canal) include (8)*

A

OELSSLRA (SEA ROLLS)

  • Oral cavity
  • Esophagus
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
75
Q

Organs of the urinary system include (4)*

A

KUUU

  • Kidney
  • Ureter
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
76
Q

Organs of the male reproductive system include (5)*

A

PPTSD

  • Prostate gland
  • Penis
  • Testis
  • Scrotum
  • Ductus deferens
77
Q

Organs of the female reproductive system include (5)*

A

MOUUV

  • Mammary glands
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Uterine tube
  • Vagina
78
Q

A smooth muscle is…

A

any hollow organ, tube

79
Q

Largest organ of body

A

skin

80
Q

Largest organ in body

A

liver

A&P (16 decks)

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