Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist

A

a prime mover that bears major responsibility for effecting a certain movement eg. Biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antagonist

A

a muscle that reverses or opposes the motion of another muscle eg. Triceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sphincter

A

controls emptying eg. Pyloric valve/sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Suture – Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Eg Lambdoidal suture
  2. Syndesmosis – Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Eg. Tibiofibular joint
  3. Gomphosis – “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Eg. gums
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hyperextension

A

extension beyond anatomical position or normal range of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inversion

A

Medial rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eversion

A

Lateral rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gustatory

A

Taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action potential

A

a brief change in membrane potential in a “patch” of membrane that is depolarized by local currents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sarcomere

A

segment of myofibril composed of contractile proteins; the smallest contractile unit of muscle which extends from one Z disc to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane surface of a muscle fiber (sarco = muscle, lemma = husk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscle tone

A

low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscles that keep the muscles healthy and ready to react to stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lactic acid

A
  • product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle
  • Anaerobic glycolysis creates ATP and pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid is then converted to lactic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Multiaxial

A

refers to freely moving synovial joints that allow universal movement (all planes and axes, including rotation). The only examples of these types of multiaxial joints are the shoulder and hip joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Uniaxial

A

joints that provide movement in one plane only eg. Elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Plantar flexion

A

downward flexion of the foot and ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

caused by excessive rise of uric acid in blood levels (due to excessive production or slow secretion) which then is deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints. Gouty arthritis is the inflammatory response that follows the uric acid build up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Osteoclast

A

that specializes in tearing down/destruction of bone (Clast = clash/kill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteoblast

A

cell that specializes in building/producing new bone (Blast = Build)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteocyte

A

bone cell (cyte = cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Appositional versus concentric

A
  • Appositional – growth by adding layers (==><==); layering
  • Concentric - circular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pelvic girdle

A
  • Ilium – superior portion of pelvic girdle
  • Ischium – inferior portion of pelvic girdle, located dorsally
  • Pubis – inferior portion of pelvic girdle, located ventrally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spinal curvatures

A

Cervical – Lordosis

Thoracic – Kyphosis

Lumbar – Lordosis

Sacral or Pelvic – Kyphosis

Coccyx - Tailbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Joint types – Structural classification

A
  • Fibrous – All fibrous joints are synarthrotic
    • Sutures - Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Eg Lambdoidal suture
    • Syndesmoses - Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Eg. Tibiofibular joint, radioulnar joint
    • Gomphoses - “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Eg. gums
  • Cartilaginous
    • Synchodroses – cartilaginous joints where the connecting medium is hyaline cartilage. E.g. joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) or epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint); synarthrotic (immovable), eventually ossifies
    • Symphyses – bones united by fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral disc or pubic symphysis; amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), does not ossify
  • Synovial – all diarthrotic (freely movable; synovial and diarthrosis are synonymous)
    • Most common joint type in body
    • Structurally different than other joints in that the articulating surfaces of the synovial joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule (synovial cavity) which is filled with lubricating synovial fluid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Joint Types – Functional classification

A
  • Synarthrosis - immovable
  • Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
  • Diarthrosis – freely movable (synovial)
26
Q

Parts of os coxae

A
  • Pubic bone
  • Iliac bone
  • Ischium
27
Q

Muscle tissue types

A
  • Smooth (visceral)
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
28
Q

Connective tissue muscle wrappings

A
  • Epimysium – wraps entire muscle
  • Perimysium – wraps group of muscle fibers (fasciculi)
  • Endomysium – wraps muscle fibers
29
Q

Parts of the neuron

A
  • Dendrites
  • Nucleus
  • Soma
  • Nissl bodies
  • Axon hillock
  • Axon
  • Schwann cells
  • Nodes of Ranvier
30
Q

Parts of the CNS

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
31
Q

Types of synapses

A
  • Axodendritic – between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
  • Axosomatic – between the axon of one neuron and the soma of another

Less common types:

  • Axoaxonic – axon to axon
  • Dendrodendritic – dendrite to dendrite
  • Dendrosomatic – dendrite to soma
32
Q

Blind spot

A

optic disc; refers to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc

33
Q

Organ of Corti

A

located within cochlea; contains auditory sensory cells (hair cells); responds to fluid-borne vibrations

34
Q

Somatic division of the NS

A

Conscious control of skeletal muscles e.g. walking, talking, playing piano, etc

35
Q

Cortex

A

outer portion of the cerebrum

36
Q

Sulcus

A

fold of the gyrus

37
Q

Brainstem

A

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

Spinal Cord

38
Q

Arbor vitae

A

cerebellar white matter; functions in bringing sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum

39
Q

Parts of sternum

A
  • Manubrium – superior portion of the sternum
  • Body of sternum (gladiolus) – longest part of sternum; sternal angle is located at the point where the body joins the manubrium; the gladiolus is a useful landmark when counting ribs as the second rib connects to it
  • Xiphoid Process – inferior end of sternum
40
Q

Infundibulum

A

Pituitary stalk

41
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

located in the medial aspect of temporal lobe; performs basics of hearing (pitch and volume)

42
Q

Intervertabral discs

A

allows slight movement of vertebrae and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together

43
Q

Articular cartiliage

A

refers to hyaline cartilage on the articular surface of bone; allows for articulation of joints while preserving the articular surfaces of the bone relative to the joint in motion

44
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

sphincter muscle around the mouth; closes the mouth and puckers the lips when it contracts

45
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme (-ase suffix); its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission

46
Q

Synapse

A

permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell

47
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

relative to chemical synapses; serves to transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse

48
Q

Iris

A

colored area of eye; controls the diameter and size of pupils and thus the amount of light that reaches the retina

49
Q

Cochlea

A

auditory portion of the inner ear; houses the Organ of Corti which responds to fluid-borne vibrations

50
Q

Function of hair cells

A

serve as the sensory receptors of both the auditory and vestibular systems

51
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex

52
Q

Corpus callosum

A

aka colossal commissure; connects left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication

53
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

regulate autonomic systems and involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure; contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers

54
Q

Receptor types for sense reception

A
  • Thermoreceptors - temperature
  • Mechanoreceptors – mechanical pressure
  • Nociceptors - pain
  • Chemoreceptors - chemical
  • Photoreceptors - visual
55
Q

Weight bearing part of the spine

A

Lumbar

56
Q

Function and effect of the autonomic NS

A
  • Function – regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
  • Effect – both sympathetic (urgent/quick reaction) and parasympathetic (non urgent reaction) divisions of the autonomic nervous system work in tandem, usually antagonistically, to maintain homeostasis
57
Q

Action of the sympathetic NS

A

fight or flight; corresponds with arousal and energy generation, and inhibits digestion; viewed as the QRF of the autonomic nervous system

58
Q

Action of the parasympathetic NS

A

rest and digest; corresponds to calming of the nerves/return to regular function and enhances digestion; constitutes non urgent reactions

59
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

work antagonistically to maintain homeostasis

60
Q

Effect of the adrenal medulla when stimulated

A
  • secrete hormones when stimulated (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine)
  • adrenal hormones cause increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in skin and GI tract, smooth muscle dilation and increased metabolism
61
Q

Muscle contraction/sliding filament theory

A
  • Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly
  • Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins
  • Each myosin head binds and detaches several times during contraction, acting like a ratchet to generate tension and propel the thin filaments to the center of the sarcomere
  • As this event occurs throughout the sarcomeres, the muscle shortens

In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must:

  • Be stimulated by a nerve ending
  • Propagate an electrical current, or action potential, along its sarcolemma
  • Have a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels, the final trigger for contraction
  • Linking the electrical signal to the contraction is excitation-contraction coupling
62
Q

Role of calcium during muscle contraction

A
  • Calcium ions bind to troponin
  • Troponin changes shape and reveals myosin binding sites on actin (thin filaments)

A&P (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions