Final Review Flashcards
Agonist
a prime mover that bears major responsibility for effecting a certain movement eg. Biceps brachii
Antagonist
a muscle that reverses or opposes the motion of another muscle eg. Triceps brachii
Sphincter
controls emptying eg. Pyloric valve/sphincter
Types of fibrous joints
- Suture – Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Eg Lambdoidal suture
- Syndesmosis – Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Eg. Tibiofibular joint
- Gomphosis – “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Eg. gums
Hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position or normal range of motion
Inversion
Medial rotation
Eversion
Lateral rotation
Gustatory
Taste
Action potential
a brief change in membrane potential in a “patch” of membrane that is depolarized by local currents.
Sarcomere
segment of myofibril composed of contractile proteins; the smallest contractile unit of muscle which extends from one Z disc to the next
Sarcolemma
the plasma membrane surface of a muscle fiber (sarco = muscle, lemma = husk)
Muscle tone
low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscles that keep the muscles healthy and ready to react to stimulation
Lactic acid
- product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle
- Anaerobic glycolysis creates ATP and pyruvic acid and pyruvic acid is then converted to lactic acid
Multiaxial
refers to freely moving synovial joints that allow universal movement (all planes and axes, including rotation). The only examples of these types of multiaxial joints are the shoulder and hip joints.
Uniaxial
joints that provide movement in one plane only eg. Elbow joint
Plantar flexion
downward flexion of the foot and ankle
Gouty arthritis
caused by excessive rise of uric acid in blood levels (due to excessive production or slow secretion) which then is deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints. Gouty arthritis is the inflammatory response that follows the uric acid build up.
Osteoclast
that specializes in tearing down/destruction of bone (Clast = clash/kill)
Osteoblast
cell that specializes in building/producing new bone (Blast = Build)
Osteocyte
bone cell (cyte = cell)
Appositional versus concentric
- Appositional – growth by adding layers (==><==); layering
- Concentric - circular
Pelvic girdle
- Ilium – superior portion of pelvic girdle
- Ischium – inferior portion of pelvic girdle, located dorsally
- Pubis – inferior portion of pelvic girdle, located ventrally
Spinal curvatures
Cervical – Lordosis
Thoracic – Kyphosis
Lumbar – Lordosis
Sacral or Pelvic – Kyphosis
Coccyx - Tailbone
Joint types – Structural classification
- Fibrous – All fibrous joints are synarthrotic
- Sutures - Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Eg Lambdoidal suture
- Syndesmoses - Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Eg. Tibiofibular joint, radioulnar joint
- Gomphoses - “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Eg. gums
- Cartilaginous
- Synchodroses – cartilaginous joints where the connecting medium is hyaline cartilage. E.g. joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) or epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint); synarthrotic (immovable), eventually ossifies
- Symphyses – bones united by fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral disc or pubic symphysis; amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), does not ossify
- Synovial – all diarthrotic (freely movable; synovial and diarthrosis are synonymous)
- Most common joint type in body
- Structurally different than other joints in that the articulating surfaces of the synovial joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule (synovial cavity) which is filled with lubricating synovial fluid.
Joint Types – Functional classification
- Synarthrosis - immovable
- Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
- Diarthrosis – freely movable (synovial)
Parts of os coxae
- Pubic bone
- Iliac bone
- Ischium
Muscle tissue types
- Smooth (visceral)
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
Connective tissue muscle wrappings
- Epimysium – wraps entire muscle
- Perimysium – wraps group of muscle fibers (fasciculi)
- Endomysium – wraps muscle fibers
Parts of the neuron
- Dendrites
- Nucleus
- Soma
- Nissl bodies
- Axon hillock
- Axon
- Schwann cells
- Nodes of Ranvier
Parts of the CNS
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
Types of synapses
- Axodendritic – between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
- Axosomatic – between the axon of one neuron and the soma of another
Less common types:
- Axoaxonic – axon to axon
- Dendrodendritic – dendrite to dendrite
- Dendrosomatic – dendrite to soma
Blind spot
optic disc; refers to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc
Organ of Corti
located within cochlea; contains auditory sensory cells (hair cells); responds to fluid-borne vibrations
Somatic division of the NS
Conscious control of skeletal muscles e.g. walking, talking, playing piano, etc
Cortex
outer portion of the cerebrum
Sulcus
fold of the gyrus
Brainstem
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Arbor vitae
cerebellar white matter; functions in bringing sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum
Parts of sternum
- Manubrium – superior portion of the sternum
- Body of sternum (gladiolus) – longest part of sternum; sternal angle is located at the point where the body joins the manubrium; the gladiolus is a useful landmark when counting ribs as the second rib connects to it
- Xiphoid Process – inferior end of sternum
Infundibulum
Pituitary stalk
Primary auditory cortex
located in the medial aspect of temporal lobe; performs basics of hearing (pitch and volume)
Intervertabral discs
allows slight movement of vertebrae and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together
Articular cartiliage
refers to hyaline cartilage on the articular surface of bone; allows for articulation of joints while preserving the articular surfaces of the bone relative to the joint in motion
Orbicularis oris
sphincter muscle around the mouth; closes the mouth and puckers the lips when it contracts
Acetylcholinesterase
enzyme (-ase suffix); its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission
Synapse
permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell
Neurotransmitter
relative to chemical synapses; serves to transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse
Iris
colored area of eye; controls the diameter and size of pupils and thus the amount of light that reaches the retina
Cochlea
auditory portion of the inner ear; houses the Organ of Corti which responds to fluid-borne vibrations
Function of hair cells
serve as the sensory receptors of both the auditory and vestibular systems
Thalamus
relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
aka colossal commissure; connects left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication
Medulla oblongata
regulate autonomic systems and involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure; contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers
Receptor types for sense reception
- Thermoreceptors - temperature
- Mechanoreceptors – mechanical pressure
- Nociceptors - pain
- Chemoreceptors - chemical
- Photoreceptors - visual
Weight bearing part of the spine
Lumbar
Function and effect of the autonomic NS
- Function – regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
- Effect – both sympathetic (urgent/quick reaction) and parasympathetic (non urgent reaction) divisions of the autonomic nervous system work in tandem, usually antagonistically, to maintain homeostasis
Action of the sympathetic NS
fight or flight; corresponds with arousal and energy generation, and inhibits digestion; viewed as the QRF of the autonomic nervous system
Action of the parasympathetic NS
rest and digest; corresponds to calming of the nerves/return to regular function and enhances digestion; constitutes non urgent reactions
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
work antagonistically to maintain homeostasis
Effect of the adrenal medulla when stimulated
- secrete hormones when stimulated (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine)
- adrenal hormones cause increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in skin and GI tract, smooth muscle dilation and increased metabolism
Muscle contraction/sliding filament theory
- Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly
- Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins
- Each myosin head binds and detaches several times during contraction, acting like a ratchet to generate tension and propel the thin filaments to the center of the sarcomere
- As this event occurs throughout the sarcomeres, the muscle shortens
In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must:
- Be stimulated by a nerve ending
- Propagate an electrical current, or action potential, along its sarcolemma
- Have a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels, the final trigger for contraction
- Linking the electrical signal to the contraction is excitation-contraction coupling
Role of calcium during muscle contraction
- Calcium ions bind to troponin
- Troponin changes shape and reveals myosin binding sites on actin (thin filaments)
