PPT 7 - Exam 2

Question 1

Etruscan Imprints

Answer 1

Etruscans - Indo European descent, migrated from Asia Minor ca. 1200 BC

established on the north-central Italy - Tuscany

Organized into autonomous city states (Greece and Mesopotamia)
Economy- agriculture, trade (exported iron and copper, imported tin and silver)

Cardo- primary north-south street
Decumamus- primary west-east street

Question 2

Etruscan architecture

Answer 2

Temples

• Greek orders of architecture and temples: modified to create a horizontal emphasis
• set on a high podium
• single flight of stairs
• double row of wood columns (Tuscan order)
• tripartite cella, oriented in one direction - South
• fable wood roof, lower with greater eave overhand than the Greek temple
• intercolumnar spacing: significantly wider
• walls made of sun bricks
• terra-cotta used for roof tiles and sculptures

Question 3

Tuscan order

Answer 3

• assumed to have preceded the Doric and ionic orders
• no fluting on column shaft
• no sculpted frieze

Question 4

Etruscan architecture continued

Answer 4

Tombs:

• assumed to also represent the residential layout
• inner court (atrium), rooms preceded by vestibules are grouped around it

Question 5

Arch of Augustus, Perugia (after 310 BC)

Answer 5

Monumental gateway 
Double row of voussoirs 
-triglyphs (short fluted pilasters with volutes at the top) 
-metopes (circular shields) 
Relieving architecture 
Two ionic pilasters

Question 6

Rome

Answer 6

735 BC - founded on the 7 hills east of Tibur, by Romulus and Remus (legends)
616-510 BC - ruled by the Etruscan royal family - Tarquins
Ca. 509 BC - the Latins established the Roman Republic
396-88 BC - Romans conquered the Mediterranean settlements

Question 7

Ancient Rome characteristics

Answer 7

Materialistic and practical 
Devoted to family life 
Wise lawmakers 
Effective administrators 
Highly competent and innovative builders 

Roman Engineers:
Developers rather than originators
-Etruscan knowledge of subsurface drains and building with arches
-Greek Architectural forms, Materials, tools, methods
Practical applications of ideas for the public usefulness
Responded to the increased population in urban developments
Improved their buildings, roads, and utilities
Their constructions were impressive: big, strong, solid, and well balanced

Question 8

Basic structural systems

Answer 8

Arch:

• vousoirs set in a semicircle
• temporarily supported by wooden scaffolding called centering
• keystone - central stone that applies the binding force

Vault - arch continued along its longitudinal axis
Barrel vault- a semicircular vault over a rectangular space
Dome- arch rotated around its center

Benefits: 
Reasonably sized stone cut in shape 
Capable of spanning larger distances 
Less material used 
Cons:
Stronger, thicker walls and piers to support the outward pushing forces created by the arched structure

Question 9

New materials

Answer 9

Hydraulic cement (Pozzolana + lime + rubber + water)

• pozzolana: natural cement, fine, sandy, volcanic ash first discovered in the region around Mount Vesuvius, Pozzuoli
• cement: the binding component of concrete, naturally occurs in areas of former volcanic activity

Concrete = sand + water + cement + aggregate

• a plastic building material consisting of these things, which hardens to a stone-like consistency
• the strength, durability, and economy of concrete construction made it a versatile material for structural and architectural elements of large-scale buildings in the Roman Empire

Question 10

Wall systems

Answer 10

Opus quadratum - Roman walls built of squared masonry, without mortar, sometimes held in place by metal cramps

Opus listatum- Roman walls constructed of stone and brick in alternate courses (brick course- leveling device)

Opus incertum- Roman walls but of irregularly shaped stone facing a concrete core

Opus reticulatum- Roman walls formed of pyramidal stones, their pints set inward and their square heads set to form a diagnosis grid

Opus testaceum- Roman walls constructed of pie shaped brick facing on a concrete core

Question 11

Pompeii

Answer 11

Best preserved example of a Roman city provincial town

Covered by volcanic ash, lava, and mud from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius

Question 12

Military garrisons (castra)

Answer 12

Developed in remote underdeveloped areas for defense and to spread the Roman culture on new territories

Cities that follow this layout:

• Italy - Bologna and Florence
• Germany : trier
• England : cirencester
• Algeria : timgad

Question 13

The forum

Answer 13

Rectangular open space, center of civic life, flanked by 2 story colonnades on 3 sides that provided architectural consistency during the 3 centuries of continued development

Question 14

Forum Romanum

Answer 14

Located at the base of the Capitoline Hills, in an area drained by he Cloaca Maxima
Center of the commerce, government, law and religion

Question 15

Forum of Trajan

Answer 15

Designed by: Apolodorus of Damascus (Greek military engineer)
Ca. 100-114 CE

Question 16

Barrel vault

Answer 16

A semicircular vault over a rectangular space

Question 17

Groined vault

Answer 17

The vault formed by two intersecting barrel vaults

Also known as cross vault

Question 18

Flying buttresses

Answer 18

In gothic architecture, the combination of external buttress pier and slander arch, which attaches to a wall just below the springing of the vaulting in Oder to resist lateral thrust

Question 19

Trajan’s column

Answer 19

Ca. 112 CE
15 ft high base
A marble shaft ca 100 ft tall, decorated with a spiraling carving illustrating Trajan victories in the Davian wars
Crowned with a bronze Roman eagle, than a statue of Trajan, now a statue of St. Peter

Question 20

Arch of Constantine

Answer 20

Rome
315 CE
the last of many triple arched triumphal arches erected in Rome
Located near the colosseum