PPT 10 - Exam 3 Flashcards
China
3rd largest country in the world
Largest population
Great Wall of China
Different parts of it were built under different feudal lords in northern China
Unified by the first Qin emperor in 221 BCE
Rebuilt during the Ming dynasty in 1368-1644 CE
4000 miles long
One of the greatest wonders of the world
Current finishing: brick
Chinese philosophies
Daoism (Taoism)
- based on the classical writing - Tao te Ching
- mainly used in the design of Chinese gardens
Confucianism
- Confucius (551-479 BCE)
- respect of authority
- influenced the city planning and traditional house design
Chinese religion
Animism - a reverence of natural features and cosmic elements (trees, rocks, sky, sun, moon)
Yin and yang - complementary duality of the two energies
Buddhism - initiated in India
-Buddhist architectural ideas from India influenced Chinese buildings
Indian cave temples
Karli, India
Ca. 100 BC
Gigantic Buddha representation in the stupa
Mogao caves
System of 492 temples were a center of culture on the Silk Road and contain well preserved religious murals and carvings spanning 1000 Years
Yungang caves
20 large caves exhibiting Indian and Hellenistic influences
Longmen cave
1,350 caves and 40 pagodas, thousands of Buddhist statues carved out of the hard limestone cliffs
Chinese Buddhist temple elements
Hall for venerating images of Buddha
Pagoda- tapering tower with multiple roof levels, built by Buddhists particularly in China and Japan
Stupas
Small mounds of stone and earth raised over the relics
Viharas
Monasteries created by the Buddhist monks who settled around stupas
Circumambulation path
Circular processional path central to the Buddhist ritual
Harmica
The square railing at the top of a stupa
Chatra
A triple tiered umbrella form set atop a stupa, symbolic of the Bodhi tree under which Buddha gained enlightenment
Songyue Pagado
Dengfeng, China 523 Oldest surviving brick structure in China Parabolic shape 15 tiers of roof
Longhua Pagoda
Shanghai, China
977
part of the Longhua temple- the oldest and largest temple in shanghai
Brick body and wooden staircases
7 stories, each one smaller than the one below it
Fogong Monastery
Shanxi, China
1056
Oldest surviving wood pagado, and one of the tallest wood structures in the world
5 levels
Chinese architectural principles
Wood and post-and-beam
Roof structures
Jian- modular unit used in construction
Yingzao-fasha
Book of building standards (ca. 11th century)
Written by Li Jie during Song Dynasty
Quin dynasty
1644-1911
3 painting styles
- hexi
- xuanzi
- Suzhou
Feng shui
The Chinese art of adjusting a design to site-specific conditions so as to promote harmony in accordance with daoist principles
Jinci temple - hall of sacred mother
1023-1032
Confucian tradition- hilly site with a running water system
Beijing - city planning
An excellent representation of the ancient city planning principles
House design
Typical design mostly constructed of a regime wood frame modules was used
Family’s privacy is very important and protected
Tulou
Courtyard house built of clay in 18th century
Landscape design
Applied daoist principles
Because an art form that used the scenic values of the natural forms and explored the site natural settings
Meant to be irregular and picturesque to create a relaxing atmosphere that would promote a meditative State upon nature
Japanese architecture
Originally heavily influenced by Chinese, Indian, and Korean architecture
Horta-ji temple complex
Nara, Japan
8th century
Claims to have the oldest and tallest wooden structures in Japan
Lecture hall - kodo- used for instructing monks within the monastery
Shinto shrines- Ise Shrine
Uji-Yamada, Japan
690
Small and modest in design
Minka
Wooden Japanese folk houses, typical of rural communities
Tatami
Mats woven of rice straw, approximately three by six feet
Fusuma
Vertical rectangular sliding panels that can act as dividing walls or doors
They can easily redefine indoor spaces
Shoji
Room divider similar to the fusuma, made of translucent paper
Castles
Occupied a block; oriented towards the south; axial main hall flanked by side walls; facing a courtyard; pond and extensive landscaping
Yoshimura house
Osaka, Japan
Ca. 1620
One of the best known farmhouses
Open for visitation 2 times a year
Himeji castle (Egrets or the White Heron castle)
Himeji, Japan
1609
Most spectacular and best preserved Samurai fortress
Zen Buddhism
Chan Buddhism - a meditative practice Rapidly adopted by the upper governmental class especially the leading class of warriors -the samurai
Jizodo of shofukuji temple
Japan
1404
A one story building located on the grounds of that temple
It is considered a national treasure
Katsura imperial villa
Tokyo, Japan
17th century
Considered one of the finest examples of Japanese architecture in existence
Tea houses
Katsura imperial villa
Tokyo, Japan
17th century
5 tea houses separated from the main house, with a small entrance from a courtyard garden for practicing the art of tea ceremony
Gardens
Katsura imperial villa
Tokyo, Japan
17th Century
Definitely one of the most beautiful gardens in Japan
