PPT 11 - Exam 3 Flashcards
Islam
Originated in Arabia
Religion formed by the prophet Mohammed
5 basic truths accepted by the Islamic worshippers
- believe in the oneness of God (allah)
- pray 5 times a day
- fast from sunrise to sun set during Ramadan
- make at least one pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (only if health/wealth permitting)
Ka’ba
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Ca. 630
One of the earliest Islamic shrines
Built long before it was transformed into an Islamic shrine
Space around it was cleared to allow for circular processor (circumambulation) around the stone
Dome of the rock
Jerusalem, Israel
687-691
3rd most important pilgrimage spot after Mecca and Medina
Located on mont moriah where Abraham offered to sacrifice his son to God
Mosque elements
An Islamic house of prayer
Design influenced by
- Mohamed’s house in Medina
- Christian churches
- Persian imperial audience halls
Great mosque of Damascus
(706-15)
Oldest existing mosque
Regional variation in mosque design
Columnar or hypostyle mosques - specific in Arabia, North Africa, Spain
Iwan mosques - specific in Iran, Central Asia (Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, turkmenistan)
Multi-domed mosques - specific in turkey
Great mosque of al-Mutawakkil
Samarra, Iraq
Ca. 848-852
A columned hall or hypostyle mosque
One monumental spiral brick minaret (similar to ziggurats)
One of Iraq’s most beautiful treasure
Great mosque of Córdoba
Spain
Ca. 833-988
Columned hall or hypostyle mosques
Initially constructed in 765
Three extensions making it the largest mosque in Spain
Maqsura
In early mosques, an area in front of the mihrab reserved for officials and sometimes given extra ornamentation (unusual vaulting or a dome) or special screening for security
Iwan mosques
Roofed or vaulted chamber open on one side, often facing the courtyard of a mosque
Examples:
Bibi Kanum mosque, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Friday mosque and masjid-I- shah mosque , Isfahan, Iran
Friday mosque, fatehpur, India
Bibi kanum mosque
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
1399
Initiated by timur- military and political leader
Friday mosque
Isfahan, Iran
8th century
Use of stalactite like muqarnas vaults
Muquarnas - Islamic vault treatment that fragments the surface into many concave segments
Masjid-I-shah mosque
Isfahan, Iran
17th century
Architects : bibi al-zaman tuni and ali akbar al-isfahani
Symmetrical design
Friday mosque
Fatehpur Sikri, India
1568-1571
Constructed in red stone
Dominant courtyards
Domed mosques
Specific in the Asian turkey - Anatolia
Inspired by the Byzantine churches from Constantinople and adopted by the ottoman turks
Shezade mosque
Istanbul, turkey
1545-1548
Constructed on the site of justinians church of the holy apostles
Caravanserai - accommodation for foreign merchants, who sold at whole sale prices
Mosque of suleyman the magnificent
Istanbul, turkey
1550-1557
Asymmetrical layout of the complex
Selimiye mosque
Edirne, turkey
1568-1575
Considered sinans masterpiece built for Selim II
Taj Mahal
Agra, India
1631-1647
Crown palace- most famous domed tomb and one of the worlds most celebrated buildings
Built by- shah jahan
Architects: Ahmad lahawri, abd al-karim ma’mur khan, makramat kan
20,000 workers
22 Years to build
Houses
Privacy and seclusion Plain exterior walls to the street Houses developed around courtyards Windows at ground level Women and children separated from men and guests
Urban settings
Bazar- covered market
A governor- controls the territory
Alhambra
Granada, Spain
Ca. 1390
The royal residence of nasrid dynasty
Rebounded for its wonderful gardens
Patio of arrayanes
Part of Alhambra
Built around a rectangular pool
Patio of leones
Part of Alhambra
Interior garden
2 cross axial water channels
Central water fountain guarded by slander columns
Islamic architecture
Two elements in a mosque - outdoor court and indoor praying hall
Minarets - or towers
A 4-iwan plan
-iwan: roofed or vaulted chamber open on one side, often facing the courtyard of a mosque
Domes and cupolas
Arabesque - geometric shapes and repetitive art
Decorative items
