PPT 14 Subcortical structures Flashcards
which structures are located below the level of the cortex
brainstem, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus
evoluntionarily the oldest part of the brain
brainstem
connects the spinal cord to the sub cortex and cortex
brainstem
list the three main parts of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
mot superior section of the brainstem housing the substantial nigra
midbrain
part of the midbrain that holds dopamine and contains cells that produces dopamine
substantia nigra
which part of the brainstem can have a large impact on individuals with Parkinson’s disease
midbrain
middle structure of the brainstem that connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
pons
in individuals with strokes at the level of pons we would need to work a lot with
respiration
most inferior portion of the brainstem that connects to the spinal cord
medulla
the point of decussation for spinal nerves
medulla
what functions is the medulla in charge of
heart rate, breathing, vomiting, blood pressure
where the tracts cross over resulting to damage to the left side of the brain impacting the right side of the body
decussation of pyramids
list the three main parts of the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
Takes unnecessary or extra movements out of the motor plan and have a role in motor learning
basal ganglia
regulates muscle tone to help execute voluntary motor functions smoothly
basal ganglia
makes adjustments to motor plan to meet objective and helps us to move sequentially
cerebellum
is highly impacted by alcohol consumption
cerebellum
is the sensory relay station
thalamus
all afferent signals except what pass through the thalamus
olfactory
highly involved in the endocrine system
hypothalamus
is the master gland of your body controlling all of the other glands
pituitary gland
which autonomic functions are controlled by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
reproductive behavior, hunger and thirst, metabolic function , can also have some impact on emotion
located deep in the temporal lobe
hippocampus
very important for short and long term memory as well as learning new skills and concepts
hippocampus
what are the cells within the nervous system called
neurons
what are the three main parts of the neurons
axon, soma, dendrite
communicates motor plans from the brain to the muscles
motor neurons
communicates with other neuron
interneurons
communicates messages from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
sensory neurons
originate at the level of cortex or the level of brainstem
upper motor neurons
originate outside of the spinal cord and extend towards the muscles
lower motor neurons
if you have an upper motor neuron lesion you may see a
contralateral deficit
if you have a lower motor neuron lesion you may ee an
ipsilater issue
the upper motor neuron are located in the __ nervous system
central
the lower motor neuron are located in the ___ nervous system
peripheral
what are the 5 types of glial cells
Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal calls
build myelin in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
build myelin in the central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
remove dead cells and waste
microglia
line blood vessels, regulate transmission of substances across vessels, form scar tissue in brain
astrocytes
line the ventricles
ependymal cells
insulates the axons of neurons
myelin
helps to conduct messages much quicker
myelin
which two types of nerves are in the peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
what helps to connect the central nervous system to sensory receptors and muscles
cranial nerves
s/m/b olfactory; function?
sensory, sense of smell
s/m/b optic; function
sensory; sends visual signals
s/m/b oculomotor ; function
motor; eye movements
s/m/b trochlear; function
motor; oblique muscle, eyelid
s/m/b trigeminal; function
both; sensation from the face, makes certain facial muscles move
s/m/b abducens ; function
motor; abducts the eye, controls one eye muscle (lateral rectus)
s/m/b facial; function
both; facial expressions and helps in taste
s/m/b vestibulocochlear; function
sensory; hearing/auditory nerve
s/m/b glossopharyngeal; function
both; taste
s/m/b vagus ; function
both; taste, helps you speak
s/m/b accessory; function
motor; trapezius muscle
s/m/b hypoglossal; function
motor; tongue
