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Private & Commercial Pilot (DA 40NG) > PPL Oral - Human Factors > Flashcards

PPL Oral - Human Factors Flashcards

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Charter Pilot (Part 135) - Oral flashcards
1
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

A state of oxygen deficiency in the body, sufficient enough to impair functions of the brain and other organs

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2
Q

What are the four types of Hypoxia?

A
  • Hypoxic
  • Hypemic
  • Histotoxic
  • Stagnant
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3
Q

What is Hypoxic Hypoxia and where does it occur?

A
  1. Any condition that interrupts the flow of oxygen to the lungs
  2. This type is encountered at high altitudes due to oxygen molecules being spaced farther apart due to low pressure.
  3. The lack of pressure means that the oxygen does not have enough pressure to be forced into the lung nodules for obsorbsion.
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4
Q

What is Hypemic Hypoxia what what are its causes?

A
  1. A condition that interferes with the bloods ability to carry oxygen
  2. Caused by..
    - CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
    - Bleeding
    - Smoking
    - Some drugs
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5
Q

What is Histotoxic Hypoxia and what are some examples?

A
  1. Any condition that interferes with normal cell utilization of oxygen
  2. Examples..
    - Alcohol consumption
    - Narcotics
    - Over the counter drugs
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6
Q

What is Stagnant Hypoxia?

A
  1. Any situation that interferes with blood/oxygen circulation.
  2. Examples…
    - Heart failure
    - Positive G-Forces
    - Sitting down for too long
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7
Q

Where does Hypoxia usually occur?

A

In normal, healthy people, Hypoxia can occur at altitudes above 12,000ft MSL

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8
Q

What are the Symptoms of Hypoxia?

A
  1. Memory issues
  2. Poor coordination
  3. Dizziness
  4. Poor judgment
  5. Headaches
  6. Feeling of euphoria
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9
Q

What factors can make you more susceptible to Hypoxia?

A
  1. Exposure to carbon monoxide
  2. Anemia
  3. Certain medications
  4. Alcohol
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10
Q

What is Hyperventilation?

A

An abnormal INCREASE in the amount of air breathed.

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11
Q

When can Hyperventilation occur?

A
  1. In stressful situations result in rapid breathing
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12
Q

How can we avoid Hypoxia?

A
  1. Use supplemental oxygen
  2. Stay at lower altitudes
  3. Stay fit and eat a healthy
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperventilation?

A
  1. Dizziness
  2. Drowsiness
  3. Tingling sensation in fingers and toes
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14
Q

How can you reverse Hyperventilation if it happens to you?

A
  1. Consciously lowering your rate of breathing
  2. Use of a paper bag
  3. Try to hold a conversation
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15
Q

What is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

A

A condition where Carbon Monoxide has entered your system and interferes with the bloods ability to carry oxygen.
- Causes Hypemic Hypoxia

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16
Q

What are warning signs that you may be experiencing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

A
  1. Smell of exhaust fumes
  2. Drowsiness
  3. Dizziness
  4. Headache
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17
Q

How can Carbon Monoxide Poisoning occur in an aircraft?

A

Through a leak in the exhaust system

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18
Q

What should you do if you suspect Carbon Monoxide Poisoning while in flight?

A
  1. Turn off Cabin Heat
  2. Open all windows (slow down first)
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19
Q

What causes Motion Sickness?

A

Continued stimulation of the Inner Ear (Vestibular System), which controls our sense of balance.

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Motion Sickness?

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Saliva production
  3. Loss of appetite
  4. Sweating
  5. Vomiting
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21
Q

What should you do if you encounter motion sickness?

A
  1. Open air vents
  2. Use supplemental oxygen
  3. Keep eyes on a point far away from the plane (if you are a pax)
  4. Avoid unnecessary head movements.

TERMINATE THE FLIGHT

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22
Q

How can altitude changes negatively effect a pilots Ears and Sinus?

A
  1. Ear Blockage - The outer and inner ear are separated by the eardrum. If pressure between the inner and outer ear are not allowed to equalize through the Eustachian tube, (via yawning, chewing or popping your ears) painful pressure may be felt especially during a descent. Especially if the Eustachian tube is blocked by congestion.
  2. Sinus blockage - Sinus cavities in our face have small openings leading to our nose and mouth, if you experience any blockage of these holes, which can happen when one gets an upper respitory infection, you may experience a vary painful climb or descent
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23
Q

How can you prevent Ear Blockage from occuring?

A
  1. Swallowing
  2. Yawning
  3. Pinching the nose and blowing (popping your ears)
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24
Q

What are the FAA’s alcohol limitations?

A
  1. 8hrs bottle to throttle
  2. Must be below .04 BAC
  3. May not be under the influence (hangover)
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25
Q

What is a good common sense rule for alcohol limitations?

A

12-24hrs bottle to throttle, depending on the amount consumed.

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26
Q

What should give us caution when considering taking simple OTC cold medicine?

A
  • Drugs that may cause no side effects on the ground may cause serious problems at even low altitudes due to changes in the concentration of gases in the blood.
  • Their effects can be amplified at higher altitudes.
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27
Q

What does the FAA say about taking drugs and flying and what is a common sense rule we can apply?

A

FAR 91.17, 61.53

  1. The FAA does not allow pilots to take any medication that may inhibit their ability to maintain their medical certificate and operate an aircraft safely.
    Can’t fly while.. “using any drug that affects the persons faculties in any way contrary to safety” (91.17)
  2. The safest rule is not to fly while taking medication

** CHECK the FAAs Do Not Issue, Do Not Fly list

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28
Q

Why is flying right after scuba diving a bad idea?

A
  1. Because you may experience Decompression Sickness, such as the Bends
  2. Nitrogen buildup at high pressures under water can be rapidly released during ascent to low pressure at high altitude which can cause nitrogen to bubble in our body
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29
Q

What is Decompression Sickness and when can we experience it?

A
  1. When Nitrogen stored in the body leaves the body too quickly in the form of gas bubbles.
  2. It can be experienced if you Scuba dive and fly right after
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30
Q

What are the safety rules-of-thumb regarding Scuba Diving and flying?

A
  1. Flights below 8,000ft MSL
    - Wait 12hrs after diving that did NOT require a Controlled Ascent
    - Wait at least 24hrs after diving that DID require a Controlled Ascent
  2. Flights above 8,000ft MSL
    - Wait at least 24hrs
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31
Q

If you had a bad cold and were prescribed medication and are feeling better, can you fly?

A

FAR 61.53, 91.17
Anytime you have an illness or injury that you feel may adversely effect your ability to safely operate an aircraft you must self-ground yourself.

  1. If in doubt about your condition or the medication, consult your AME.
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32
Q

What are the 8 main types of Illusions?

A

I - Inversion
C - Coriolis
E - Elevator
F - Featureless Terrain
L - Leans
A - Autokinesis
G - Graveyard Spiral
S - Somatogravic acceleration illusion

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33
Q

What is the Inversion illusion?

A
  1. Happens when your transition from a climb to level flight too quickly
  2. Body feels like it is still climbing or ‘tumbling backwards’, resulting in your wanting to pitch the nose down even further.
  3. This is caused by the fluid and hairs in the semicircular canals is pushed backwards when you descend rapidly.
  4. Combat this by leveling out more smoothly and trusting your instruments

*the fluid and hairs only detect changes in moment! NOT constant movement

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34
Q

What is the Coriolis illusion?

A
  1. Happens when you are in a prolonged turn and move your head around rapidly
  2. Body feels like it is tumbling around and is generally confused.
  3. This is caused because the fluid and hairs in the semicircular canals has settled into the turn and when you head moves it causes them to go all out of whack
  4. Combat this by keeping your head movements slow

*the fluid and hairs only detect changes in moment! NOT constant movement

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35
Q

What is the Elevator illusion?

A
  1. Happens when you experience an updraft or downdraft
  2. Causes you to momentarily think you are climbing or descending
  3. Combat this by trusting your instruments
36
Q

What is the False Horizon illusion?

A
  1. Usually happens at night or when its really hazy out.
  2. A sloping layer of clouds, ground lights that blend into the stars, or stars reflecting off of a lake when you are over a body of water can create a false horizon.
  3. Combat this by trusting your Attitude Indicator
37
Q

What is the Leans illusion?

A
  1. Happens when your Vestibular system (tubes, hairs, fluid) fails to recognize a slow and steady bank. You correct for the slight bank with a more drastic one and now your body thinks you’re turning in the opposite direction.
  2. The initial turn was too subtle for the fluid in your inner ear to move the hairs. But your correction is enough to make your hairs move, so you think you are in a turn on the opposite direction now.
  3. Combat this by avoiding gradual turns and trusting your instruments.
38
Q

What is the Autokinesis illusion?

A
  1. Happens when you stare at a single point of light for too long. After about 10s it will falsely appear as if it were moving
  2. Don’t stare at a light for more than 10s
39
Q

What is the Graveyard Spiral illusion?

A
  1. You have entered a gradual turn and it has gone unnoticed, you suddenly notice it and correct for the turn quickly, moving your fluid and hairs which makes you think you are in a turn in the opposite direction.
  2. You think you are correcting it by putting the plane back to the original turn where it felt like you were level.
  3. You notice the nose dropping (because that’s what happens in a turn) and pull back on the stick to lift the nose up which only serves to TIGHTEN the turn.

*constantly check your instruments

40
Q

What is the Somatogravic illusion?

A
  1. Accelerating gives you the illusion you are in a climb. Decelerating gives you the feeling you are in a descent.
  2. Trust your instruments and avoid rapid accelerations or decelerations.
41
Q

What are some important Landing illusions to look out for?

A

G - Ground lighting
R - RWY Width
A - Atmospheric
B - Black Hole Approach
R - RWY slope
F - Featureless Terrain

42
Q

What is Ground lighting illusion?

A
  1. A line of lights may be mistaken for a RWY
  2. Bright lights may think you are lower than you actually are or that they are close to you
  3. Dim lights may make you think that you are higher than you actually are or that they are really far away
43
Q

What is the RWY Width illusion?

A
  1. A wide RWY will make you think you are low
  2. A thin RWY will make you think you are high
  3. Follow the VASI/PAPI lights and watch your altitude
44
Q

What are some Atmospheric illusions?

A
  1. Water Refraction - Rain on the windscreen can make it appear as if the ground is far away and you are high.
  2. Haze - Can make everything sim farther away than it is, like a RWY.
  3. False Horizon - FOG, stars.
45
Q

What is the Black Hole Approach illusion?

A
  1. Happens at night when there are very little or no features surrounding a RWY.
  2. Can make you feel like you are higher than you actually are resulting in a low approach
    - Lack of lights near the RWY
    - Approaching over a dark body of water
46
Q

What is the RWY Slope illusion?

A
  1. When the RWY has a downward slope it can seem as if you are too low, causing you to fly a high approach.
  2. When the RWY has an upward slope it can seem as though you are too high, causing you to fly a low approach.
47
Q

What is the Featureless Terrain illusion?

A
  1. Lack of ground references make you feel like you are higher than you actually are, causing you to fly too low.
    - Snow covered ground
    - At night in an area with no lights
48
Q

What is Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM)?

A
  1. The art and science of managing all resources available to a single pilot to ensure the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt
    - Inside the aircraft
    - Outside the aircraft
    - Preflight
49
Q

What are 4 major skills needed for good SRM?

A
  1. (good) Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
  2. Conservative risk management
  3. Automation Management
  4. Situational Awareness (SA)
50
Q

What is a practical application provides a pilot with an effective way to practice SRM?

A

The 5P model

P - Plan
P - Plane
P - Pilot
P - Passengers
P - Programing

51
Q

Explain the 5P model for SRM.

A

At key decision points consider the following
1. Plan - Weather, route, NOTAMs, airports, RWYs, fuel. (NWKRAFT)
2. Plane - Preflight/Airworthiness, familiarity (AV1ATE)
3. Pilot - Illness, Stress, currency, skill. (IMSAFE)
4. Passengers - Brief, nervous or experienced in flying (SAFETY)
5. Programming - Autopilot, GPS, clean cockpit, build your next. (CAMI)

52
Q

When is it recommended to use the 5P model of SRM?

A
  1. Preflight
  2. Pre-takeoff
  3. Midpoint or hourly
  4. Pre-Descent
  5. Before final approach fix or traffic pattern
53
Q

Define Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM).

A

A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the safest course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

54
Q

Explain the steps in the decision making process.

A
  1. Define the problem
  2. Choose a course of action
  3. Implement the decision
  4. Evaluate the outcome
55
Q

What 2 models are commonly used when practicing Aeronautical Decision Making?

A
  1. DECIDE model
  2. 3P model
56
Q

What are the elements of the DECIDE model?

A

D - Detect a change
E - Estimate the need to react
C - Choose the safest option
I - Identify actions to control the change
D - Do something to adapt to the change
E - Evaluate the effectiveness of your actions

57
Q

How is the 3P model different than the DECIDE model

A
  1. The 3P model is a continuous loop
  2. The DECIDE model is for handling specific hazards
58
Q

What are the 5 Hazardous Attitudes and their respective antidotes?

A

R - Resignation (i dont have control) You do have control!

A - Anti-Authority (don’t tell me what to do) Follow the rules, they are usually right.

M - Macho (I am the best) even the best get killed. Taking chances is foolish

I - Invulnerability (it wont happen to me) It could happen to me

I - Impulsivity (hurry up) Slow down and think first

59
Q

What is the first step towards neutralizing a hazardous attitude?

A

Recognize your own negative thought patterns.

60
Q

What is Risk Managment?

A

It is a logical process of weighing the potential costs of a risk against the possible benefits of allow those risks to go uncontrolled.

  • Identifying risks and avoiding them OR implementing adequate risk controls.
61
Q

What is a Hazard?

A

A condition, event, object, or circumstance that could potentially lead to to an unsafe outcome of the flight

62
Q

Give some examples of aviation hazards.

A
  1. CFIT
  2. Collisions
  3. Pilot Fatigue
  4. Weather
  5. Unfamiliar equipment
  6. Incursions, RWY/Taxiway
  7. Lack of Proficiency
63
Q

What is Risk?

A

The potential of a hazard.

64
Q

How can you use the PAVE checklist to assess risk?

A

Helps us remember what to evaluate during PRE- FLIGHT planning.

P - Pilot - IMSAFE, current AND proficient
A - Aircraft - AV1ATE, familiarity, pre-flight inspection
V - enVironment - Weather, terrain, airports, RWY
E - External Pressures - Meetings and deadlines, desire to impress someone.

65
Q

Explain how the use of Personal Minimums can control risk.

A
  1. Helps us understand the difference between what the legal limits are and what our skill limits are
  2. It can be used as a warning signal to let you know when you are reaching beyond your skill level
  3. Can help you explain a cancelation to passengers by emphasizing your focus on safety
66
Q

What methods will you use to control Risk?

A
  1. IMSAFE
  2. PAVE
67
Q

What is a good method to use when evaluating your readiness for flight?

A

I - Illness
M - Medication
S - Stress
A - Alcohol
F - Fatigue
E - Emotions

68
Q

Describe the 3P model of Risk Management.

A

Perceive - Be on the lookout for hazards (SA) (PAVE)

Process - Evaluate the effect hazards will have on your level of risk

Perform - Implement risk mitigations. This will sometimes mean terminating or canceling the flight

*the 3P model is a continuous loop of perceiving, processing, and performing actions related to risk management.

69
Q

What is a Risk Matrix?

A

A tool used to assess the likelihood of an adverse event occurring vs is severity.
It differentiates between low, medium, and high risk flights.

70
Q

Define Task Management.

A

The process by which pilots safely complete the many required tasks that must be performed to safely operate the aircraft.

71
Q

What are some factors that can reduce a pilots ability to manage workload?

A
  1. Environmental - Temperature, oxygen availability, noise.
  2. Physiological - Lack of sleep, low blood sugar, illness.
  3. Psychological - Death in the family, divorce, self confidence (all mental distractions)
    4.
72
Q

How can you avoid becoming task saturated?

A
  1. Prioritize & Anticipate
  2. Delegate to other pilots or passengers (simple tasks)
  3. Autopilot
  4. Ask for assistance from ATC or FSS (Weather)
73
Q

What should our main priorities be when flying an aircraft?

A

Aviate
Navigate
Communicate

74
Q

What strategies can we employ to ensure we are not bogged down by tasks during flight?

A
  1. Pre plan when the known tasks are to be completed while still on the ground
  2. Prioritize - Aviate, Navigate, Communicate
  3. Predict future workload and get a head start (stay ahead of the airplane)
75
Q

Why do we use checklists?

A

It helps us ensure that critical items necessary for a safe flight are not missed.

76
Q

What are the two main types of checklists?

A
  1. Do-Verify
    • Memorized flows
  2. Read and Do
    • Read and complete straight from the checklist

BONUS

Challenge-Do-Verify
- Two pilot crew

77
Q

What are some common errors that can occur while using checklists?

A
  1. Reading off the checklist and not properly verify that the item was actually completed.
  2. Interruptions can cause us to lose our place and skip over items
  3. Using the wrong checklist or QRH procedure
  4. Not using the checklist after completing your flows
  5. Taking too long with a checklist causing a long period with heads down.
78
Q

What are some good ways you can ensure you are properly using a checklist?

A
  1. Touch! and verify each action was done
  2. Check your checklist every 10mins or so to make sure you have not forgotten to utilize it for a phase of flight
79
Q

What is the process for good Automation Management

A

C - Configure
A - Activate
M - Monitor
I - Intervene

80
Q

What can the majority of Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents be attributed to?

A
  1. Pilot error and Loss of Situational Awareness
81
Q

Describe how you would avoid a CFIT accident.

A
  1. Maintain Situational Awareness
  2. Adhere to ATC instructions (departure & arrival procedures)
    * File IFR and fly an approach and arrival
  3. Familiarize yourself with Terrain
    * Is there rising terrain on your route?
    * what are the MEF charted along your route
  4. Have up to date charts
  5. Use a device that is capable of terrain avoidance/warnings
    *G1000
    *IPAD
82
Q

What are the most important aspects of managing Autopilot?

A
  1. Knowing what each mode does
  2. Knowing which modes are engaged
  3. Knowing how to verify modes are working properly
83
Q

When should a pilot be particularly alert for the potential of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

A

When using the Cabin Heat function

84
Q

How can a pilot mitigate the risks involved in exceeding your personal minimums?

A
  1. Bring another pilot with you
  2. Only exceed one item on your personal minimums list at at time
85
Q

How can you avoid Inadvertent flight into IMC?

A
  1. Abide by personal mins
  2. Adequate preflight weather checks
  3. Obtain inflight weather briefings
  4. Avoid trying to ‘beat the weather’
86
Q

What hazards exist when using Automation?

A
  1. Complacency
  2. Excessive heads down scenarios
  3. Not knowing how the autopilot works
87
Q

What are some strategies we can utilize to avoid CFIT? j

A
  1. Beware of terrain
    * Watch for rising terrain
    * Know the MEFs charted along your route
  2. File IFR
    * Fly a Departure Procedure, Arrival, and Approach.
  3. Weather
    * Avoid Skud-Running below the clouds close to terrain

Private & Commercial Pilot (DA 40NG) (28 decks)

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