Pp. Ch. 3 Flashcards
What are trans fats?
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils formed by a chemical hydrogenation process. Double bond
What do trans fats do to the body?
Raise levels of cholesterol in our blood and directly alter blood vessel function
Bonds can be both…
Cis or trans
What molecules are considered organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids , proteins and Nucleic acids
Give four properties of organic molecules
- Always contain c and h
- Always covalently bonded
- May be quite large
- Often associated with living organisms
Give four properties of inorganic molecules
- Usually contain metals and non metals
- Usually ionic bonds
- Relatively smaller
- Often associated with non living organisms
What are carbon ring structures represented as and what do they imply?
Represented as polygons and carbon atoms are implied
Describe the hydroxyl group
Polar
Found in alcohols
Found in sugars and amino acids
Describe the methyl group
Nonpolar
Found mainly in fatty acids
Describe the carbonyl group
Found in sugars, amino acids and nucleotide bases
Describe the carboxyl group
Found in amino acids and fatty acids
Highly polar
Has ability to donate h+ hence acid
Describe the amine group
Found in amino acids
Gives organic molecule ability to absorb h+ hence weak base
Describe the phosphate group
Found in ATP, phospholipids, DNA, RNA
Water soluble
Describe sulfhydryl group
Sulphur is highly electronegative
Strong factor in giving shape by forming disulfide bridges
What does the metabolism require?
Enzymes
What are the five categories of reactions
- Functional group transfer
- Electron transfer
- Rearrangement
- Condensation
- Cleavage
What do carbohydrates contain?
A carbonyl functional group
Several hydroxyl groups
Many c-h bonds
What are the four types of carbohydrates in living systems?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharide called if it has 3 carbons?
Trioses :
Ex. Glyceraldehyde
What are monosaccharides called if they have 5 carbons?
Pentoses:
Ex. Deoxyribose, ribose
What are monosaccharides called if they have 6 carbons?
Hexoses
Ex. Glucose, galactose, fructose
What disaccharide is formed when glucose is bonded with fructose?
Sucrose
What disaccharide is created when glucose is bonded with glucose?
Maltose
What disaccharide is formed when glucose is bonded with galactose?
Lactose
What are the four most common polysaccharides?
Cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin
What is cellulose used for?
In plant cell walls
What is chitin used for?
Nitrogen containing groups attached to glucose monomers in insects and fungal cell walls
What is a peptidoglycan used for?
Forms a mesh like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall
What is starch used for?
In plants, branched chains
What is glycogen used for?
In animals is stored in muscle and liver cells
Describe saturated fatty acids
No double bonds between carbons and is saturated with hydrogen atoms
Describe both types of unsaturated fatty acids
Some double bonds in carbon chain
Monounsaturated: one double bond
Polyunsaturated: more than one
What is eater linkage?
The connection between a head and a fatty acid tail
What does amphipathic mean?
Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
What is a polypeptide?
Chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid
List the four levels of protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is a primary structure (protein)
Unique amino acid sequence of a protein
What is a secondary structure ?(protein)
The polypeptide chain folds and forms hydrogen bonds between amino acids
What is a tertiary structure (protein)?
Secondary structure is compacted into structurally stable units called domains
Forms a functional protein
Describe a quaternary structure(protein)?
Some proteins consist of two or more folded polypeptide Chains in close association
What are prion diseases caused by?
Caused by misfiled proteins
What do nucleotides consist of?
One or more phosphate groups
A pentose sugar
A nitrogenous base
In DNA a,t,c,g pairs with what?
A with T
G with C
