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Cell Biology > Pp. Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Pp. Ch. 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils formed by a chemical hydrogenation process. Double bond

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1
Q

What do trans fats do to the body?

A

Raise levels of cholesterol in our blood and directly alter blood vessel function

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2
Q

Bonds can be both…

A

Cis or trans

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3
Q

What molecules are considered organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids , proteins and Nucleic acids

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4
Q

Give four properties of organic molecules

A
  1. Always contain c and h
  2. Always covalently bonded
  3. May be quite large
  4. Often associated with living organisms
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5
Q

Give four properties of inorganic molecules

A
  1. Usually contain metals and non metals
  2. Usually ionic bonds
  3. Relatively smaller
  4. Often associated with non living organisms
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6
Q

What are carbon ring structures represented as and what do they imply?

A

Represented as polygons and carbon atoms are implied

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7
Q

Describe the hydroxyl group

A

Polar
Found in alcohols
Found in sugars and amino acids

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8
Q

Describe the methyl group

A

Nonpolar

Found mainly in fatty acids

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9
Q

Describe the carbonyl group

A

Found in sugars, amino acids and nucleotide bases

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10
Q

Describe the carboxyl group

A

Found in amino acids and fatty acids
Highly polar
Has ability to donate h+ hence acid

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11
Q

Describe the amine group

A

Found in amino acids

Gives organic molecule ability to absorb h+ hence weak base

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12
Q

Describe the phosphate group

A

Found in ATP, phospholipids, DNA, RNA

Water soluble

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13
Q

Describe sulfhydryl group

A

Sulphur is highly electronegative

Strong factor in giving shape by forming disulfide bridges

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14
Q

What does the metabolism require?

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

What are the five categories of reactions

A
  1. Functional group transfer
  2. Electron transfer
  3. Rearrangement
  4. Condensation
  5. Cleavage
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16
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

A carbonyl functional group
Several hydroxyl groups
Many c-h bonds

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17
Q

What are the four types of carbohydrates in living systems?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

18
Q

What is a monosaccharide called if it has 3 carbons?

A

Trioses :

Ex. Glyceraldehyde

19
Q

What are monosaccharides called if they have 5 carbons?

A

Pentoses:

Ex. Deoxyribose, ribose

20
Q

What are monosaccharides called if they have 6 carbons?

A

Hexoses

Ex. Glucose, galactose, fructose

21
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose is bonded with fructose?

A

Sucrose

22
Q

What disaccharide is created when glucose is bonded with glucose?

A

Maltose

23
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose is bonded with galactose?

A

Lactose

24
Q

What are the four most common polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin

25
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

In plant cell walls

26
Q

What is chitin used for?

A

Nitrogen containing groups attached to glucose monomers in insects and fungal cell walls

27
Q

What is a peptidoglycan used for?

A

Forms a mesh like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall

28
Q

What is starch used for?

A

In plants, branched chains

29
Q

What is glycogen used for?

A

In animals is stored in muscle and liver cells

30
Q

Describe saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds between carbons and is saturated with hydrogen atoms

31
Q

Describe both types of unsaturated fatty acids

A

Some double bonds in carbon chain
Monounsaturated: one double bond
Polyunsaturated: more than one

32
Q

What is eater linkage?

A

The connection between a head and a fatty acid tail

33
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

34
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid

35
Q

List the four levels of protein structure

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

36
Q

What is a primary structure (protein)

A

Unique amino acid sequence of a protein

37
Q

What is a secondary structure ?(protein)

A

The polypeptide chain folds and forms hydrogen bonds between amino acids

38
Q

What is a tertiary structure (protein)?

A

Secondary structure is compacted into structurally stable units called domains
Forms a functional protein

39
Q

Describe a quaternary structure(protein)?

A

Some proteins consist of two or more folded polypeptide Chains in close association

40
Q

What are prion diseases caused by?

A

Caused by misfiled proteins

41
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

One or more phosphate groups
A pentose sugar
A nitrogenous base

42
Q

In DNA a,t,c,g pairs with what?

A

A with T

G with C

Cell Biology (13 decks)

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