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Cell Biology > Book : Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Book : Ch. 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the smallest unit that shows the properties of life

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1
Q

What four generalizations make up cell theory?

A
  1. Every living organism consists of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life, individually alive even as part of a multicelled organism
  3. All living cells come from a division of other pre-existing cells
  4. Cells contain hereditary material which they pass on to their offspring during division
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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell containing a nucleus

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus

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4
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

Cells outer membrane

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5
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Double membraned sac holding a eukaryotic cells DNA

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6
Q

In prokaryotic cells where is the DNA found?

A

In a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid region

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7
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

A semi fluid mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA

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8
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Structures on which proteins are built and suspended in cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is surface to volume ratio?

A

A physical relationship

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10
Q

What is a lipid bilayer?

A

The structural foundation of all cell membranes

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11
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

A rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane of nearly all prokaryotes.

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12
Q

What is flagella?

A

Slender cellular structures used for motion

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13
Q

What is a pili?

A

Protein filaments that helps cells cling to or move across surfaces

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14
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Communial living arrangements in which single celled organisms live in shared mass of slime

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15
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Routes and modifies new polypeptide chains and synthesizes lipids

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16
Q

What does a Golgi body do?

A

Modifies new polypeptide chains and sorts and ships proteins and lipids

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17
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

Transport, store and digest substances in a cell

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18
Q

What do mitochondrion do?

A

Make ATP by sugar breakdown

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19
Q

What do chloroplast do?

A

Make sugars in plants and some Protists

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20
Q

What does a lysosome do?

A

Intracellular digestion

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21
Q

What does peroxisome do?

A

Inactivates toxins

22
Q

What does a vacuole do?

A

Stores things

23
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Structure that carries out a specialized function in a cell

24
Q

What does a ribosome do?

A

Assembles polypeptide chains

25
Q

What does a centriole do?

A

Is an anchor for cytoskeleton

26
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

The membrane of a nucleus

27
Q

What is a nucleoplasm?

A

A viscous fluid similar to cytoplasm

28
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

A dense irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA

29
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Name for all of the DNA together with its associate proteins in the nucleus

30
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Each molecule of DNA together with it’s many attached proteins

31
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Series of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

32
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

Extension of the nuclear envelope

33
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Containing enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

34
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

They isolate and dispose of waste, debris or toxic materials

35
Q

What is a Golgi body

A

Attach phosphate groups or sugars and cleave certain polypeptide chains

36
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

37
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A

Type of organelle that specializes in making ATP

38
Q

What are plastids ?

A

Membrane enclosed organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algal cells

39
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles that are specialiZed for photosynthesis

40
Q

What is a central vacuole?

A

An area where amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, and toxins accumulate

41
Q

What is a primary wall?

A

Plasma membrane cemented together by pectin and is then covered in cellulose

42
Q

What is a secondary wall?

A

The secretion of material onto the primary walls inner surface forms the secondary wall

43
Q

What is lignin?

A

A complex polymer of alcohols that makes up as much as 25% of the secondary wall of cells in older stems and roots

44
Q

What is an extra cellular matrix?

A

Non living complex mixture of fiberous proteins and polysaccharides is secreted by cells and varies with the type of tissue.

45
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Structures that connect cells to other cells and to the environment

46
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Long, hollow cylinders that consist of subunits of the protein tubulin

47
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Fibers that consist primarily of subunits of the globular protein actin

48
Q

What is a cell cortex?

A

A reinforcing mesh under the plasma membrane

49
Q

What are intermediate filaments ?

A

Stable parts of a cells cytoskeleton that strengthen and maintain cell and tissue structures

50
Q

What are motor proteins?

A

Accessory proteins that move cell parts in a sustained direction when they are repeatedly energized by ATP

51
Q

What are eukaryotic flagella and cilia?

A

Whiplike structures that propel cells through fluid

52
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Barrel shaped organelle which remains below the finished area as a basal body

53
Q

What are psuedopods?

A

False feet

Cell Biology (13 decks)

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