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Cell Biology > Cell Bio Exam 2 > Flashcards

Cell Bio Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that ends with a net release of energy

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1
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A rx that requires a net energy input to proceed

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2
Q

What are the three key players in a chemical reaction

A

Reaction, reactant and product

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3
Q

What is the role of etc?

A

Consists of enzymes and other molecules that accept or give up electrons one after another, at a cell membrane

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4
Q

In the etc: electrons enter at _____ energy level ➡️ leave cycle with ______ energy level

A

High

Low

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5
Q

In terms of etc: what is the role of coenzymes in etc?

A

They deliver electrons to etc in photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Energy released during the etc cycle does what?

A

Drives the synthesis of ATP

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins, one specific substrate, metabolic catalyst

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8
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

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9
Q

What is an active site?

A

Location on enzyme molecule where substrates bind and reaction proceeds

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10
Q

What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis ?

A

Co2+h20+sunlight ➡️ c6h12o2 + o2 + h2o

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11
Q

What happens in light dependent reactions ?

A

Light energy is transferred to ATP and nadph.

Water molecules split and release o2

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12
Q

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

A

In thylakoids

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13
Q

What happens in a light independent reaction?

A

ATP and nadph (from previous stage) is used to convert co2 to glucose and then to sucrose, starch and cellulose.

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14
Q

Where do light independent reactions occur?

A

Occur in stroma

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15
Q

What is the role of pigment in photosynthesis?

A

The pigment captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis

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16
Q

Who uses the anaerobic metabolic pathway?

A

Prokaryotes, Protists and muscle cells

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17
Q

Who uses the aerobic metabolic pathway?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

What are the two mitochondrial membranes?

A

Outer and inner

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19
Q

What is it called to be between two mitochondrial membranes?

A

Outer compartment

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20
Q

Where does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?

A

The inner compartment

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21
Q

What are the two steps that glycolysis is divided into?

A

ATP requiring steps and ATP generating steps

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22
Q

What does the ATP requiring step of glycolysis involve?

A

phosphorylation

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23
Q

What does the ATP generating step of glycolysis involve?

A

1 fructose and 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into 2 pyruvates

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24
Q

What is the net result for glycolysis?

A

2 net ATP
2 Nadh
2 pyruvates

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25
Q

Describe what happens in the Krebs cycle?

A

Break down 1 acetyl coA into 2 co2
3 Nadh and 1 fadh2 are formed
2 ATP is formed and regenerates acetyl coA

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26
Q

Where does electron transfer happen?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

27
Q

What happens in the electron transfer phosphorylation?

A

Attaches phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

28
Q

How many net ATP does glycolysis yield?

A

2 ATP

29
Q

How many net ATP does Krebs cycle yield?

A

2 ATP

30
Q

How many net ATP does the electron transfer yield?

A

32 ATP

31
Q

What are the two fermentation pathways?

A

Alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation

32
Q

What happens in alcoholic fermentation?

A

Pyruvates is split into acetaldehyde and co2. Acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogen from Nadh, forming nad+ and ethanol

33
Q

What happens in lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen from Nadh, forming nad+ and lactate

34
Q

How are fats used for energy?

A

Enzymes cleave fats into glycerol and fatty acids when glucose levels fall

35
Q

What metabolic cycle does glycerol enter once cleaved from fat?

A

Glycolysis

36
Q

What metabolic cycle do fatty acids enter once cleaved from fat?

A

Krebs cycle

37
Q

How are proteins used for energy?

A

Enzymes split dietary proteins into amino acids which enter the bloodstream and are used to build proteins or other molecules

38
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Growth and replacement of dead or worn out cells, tissue repair

39
Q

Where does mitosis occur ?

A

Somatic cells

40
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The formation of gametes

41
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Germ cells

42
Q

Describe the g1 phase of interphase:

A

Uncondensed, no sister

43
Q

Describe the s phase from interphase:

A

Uncondensed but duplicated

44
Q

Describe the g2 phase from interphase:

A

Condensed and duplicated

45
Q

Describe prophase

A

Condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles

46
Q

Describe metaphase:

A

Chromosomes align between poles, chromosomes condensed

47
Q

Describe anaphase

A

Sister chromatids seperate to opposite poles, each chromatid is now a seperate chromosome

48
Q

Describe telophase

A

Chromosomes decondense. Nuclear envelope reforms around 2 clusters of chromosomes

49
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plants

A

Cell plate formation, cellulose accumulates, thickens, forms a wall

50
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animals

A

Cleavage furrow formation ➡️ cytoplasm pinches in two

51
Q

What are the 5 functions of a cell membrane?

A

Semipermeable
Helps vesicles form
Separates contents of cell from surroundings
Controls in/out movement through protein channels
Interacts with outside environment

52
Q

What is a passive transporter?

A

Allow small molecules through a membrane

53
Q

What is the function of an active transporter?

A

goes against a concentration gradient, requires ATP

54
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

Initiate change in cells activity by responding to an outside signal

55
Q

What is the function of a cell adhesion molecule?

A

Helps cell stick to one another

56
Q

What is the function of recognition proteins?

A

Identify cells as self

57
Q

What is the function of an enzyme?

A

Speed up rx

58
Q

What is a concentration gradient and from what to what do molecules move to?

A

Difference in concentration between two adjacent regions. Moves from high ➡️ low

59
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A substance diffuses across a lipid bilayer

60
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Vesicle movement brings substances in bulk into the cell

61
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Vesicle movement ejects substances in bulk from cell

62
Q

What is osmosis?

A

High water potential ➡️ low water potential

63
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Same concentration inside and outside

64
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

More concentration outside cell

65
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

More concentration inside cell

Cell Biology (13 decks)

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