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Cell Biology > Cell Bio Terms Final Exam > Flashcards

Cell Bio Terms Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What does sexual reproduction do that doesn’t happen in asexual reproduction ?

A

Introduces a variation in the combinations of traits among offspring

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1
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce

A

Genetically identical copies of a parent

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2
Q

What are genes

A

Regions in an organisms DNA that encode information about heritable traits

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3
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

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4
Q

What is meiosis

A

A cytoplasmic division (sexual reproduction)

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5
Q

What does meiosis result in

A

4 haploid cells

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6
Q

What is a zygote

A

First cell of a new individual

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7
Q

What happens in meiosis 1

A

Homologous chromosomes separate

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8
Q

What happens in meiosis 2

A

Sister chromatid separate

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9
Q

What is the key stage of meiosis 1 and what happens in it

A

Prophase 1. Synapsis (homologous chromosomes) to form tetrads and pairing at chiasmata. Crossing over.

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10
Q

What is the name of the process of sperm creation

A

Spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What is the name of the process of egg creation (females)

A

Oogenesis

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12
Q

What is the result of Spermatogenesis

A

4 haploid spermatids are formed

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13
Q

What is the result of oogenesis

A

1 haploid ovum and 3 haploid polar bodies

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14
Q

Describe how sperm are formed

A

Diploid male sex cell ➡️ (meiosis 1 and cytoplasmic division) primary spermatocyte [diploid] ➡️ (meiosis 2) secondary spermatocytes [haploid] ➡️(cytoplasmic division) spermatids [haploid] ➡️ 4 sperm

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15
Q

Describe how ovum are formed

A

Oogonium (female sex cell) [diploid] ➡️ (meiosis and cytoplasmic division) primary oocyte [diploid] ➡️ (meiosis 2) first polar body [haploid] and secondary oocyte [haploid] ➡️ three polar bodies [haploid] and one ovum [haploid]

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16
Q

What is fertilization

A

The fusion of two haploid gametes to result in a diploid zygote

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17
Q

Where does mitosis occur

A

Somatic cells

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18
Q

Where does meiosis occur

A

Germ line cells

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19
Q

Meiosis takes a cell that’s ________ and makes it _________

A

Diploid, haploid

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20
Q

What is a spermatozoan

A

A mature sperm.

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21
Q

Describe a spermatozoan

A

Head with DNA and enzyme cap. Mid piece with mitochondria. Flagellum for movement.

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22
Q

Who did the pea plant experiment

A

Gregor Mendel

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23
Q

Describe why the garden pea was a good model for genetics studies

A

True breeding
Both self and cross fertilization possible
Short generation time
Easy to work with

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24
Q

What is a mutation

A

A permanent change in a gene

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25
Q

What is a true breeding lineage

A

Offspring inherit identical alleles for a trait

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26
Q

What is a hybrid

A

Has non identical alleles for a trait

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27
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

Non indentical alleles of a gene

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28
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Identical alleles of a gene

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29
Q

What does a dominant allele do ?

A

Masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it

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30
Q

Capital letters signify what

A

Homozygous dominant

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31
Q

Lower case letters signify what

A

Homozygous recessive

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32
Q

What is a gene called if it is Aa

A

Heterozygous

33
Q

What is gene expression

A

The process by which information in a gene is converted to a structural or functional part of a cell or body

34
Q

What is a genotype

A

Particular alleles an individual carries ie. Ww

35
Q

What’s a phenotype?

A

An individual’s observable traits

Ie. widows peak

36
Q

What does P stand for

A

Parents

37
Q

What does F stand for

A

Filial (offspring)

38
Q

What does F1 stand for

A

First generation offspring of parents

39
Q

What does F2 stand for

A

Second generation offspring of parents

40
Q

What are monohybrid experiments

A

Crosses that check for a dominance relationship between two alleles at a single locus

41
Q

What is a locus

A

A location

42
Q

Give an example of a cross between homozygous individuals

A

AA x aa

43
Q

Give an example of a cross between heterozygous individuals

A

Aa x Aa

44
Q

What is probability

A

A measure of the chance that a particular outcome will occur

45
Q

What is a Punnett square

A

A grid used to calculate the probability of genotypes and phenotypes in offspring

46
Q

What is Mendels law of segregation

A

Two genes of each pair seperate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

47
Q

What is a test cross

A

A method of determining if an individual is heterozygous or homozygous dominate

48
Q

How do you perform a test cross

A

Individual of an unknown genotype is crossed with one that is homozygous recessive
Ie. AA x aa or Aa x aa

49
Q

How many traits do dihybrid experiments involve

A

2

50
Q

What is a dihybrid experiments

A

Tests for dominance relationships between alleles at two loci

51
Q

What is Mendels law of independent assortment

A

Many genes are sorted into gametes independently of other genes

52
Q

What is an incomplete dominance

A

Intermediate phenotype (what you see ) ie. red + white = pink

53
Q

What is codominance

A

Two non identical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygotes so neither is dominant or recessive
Ie. abo blood group system

54
Q

What is pleiotropy

A

One gene product influences two or more traits

55
Q

What is continuos variation

A

Traits with a range of small differences

56
Q

What is a bell curve

A

When continuos phenotypes are divided into measurable categories and plotted as a bar chart, they form a bell shaped curve

57
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have

A

XY

58
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have

A

XX

59
Q

What are autosomes

A

Chromosomes that are the same in makes and females

60
Q

What is a karyotype

A

Micrograph of all metaphase chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs by size, shape and length

61
Q

What stops dividing cells at metaphase

A

Colchicine

62
Q

Can a dominant autosomal allele be expressed in homozygotes and heterozygotes

A

Yes

63
Q

What is progeria

A

Genetic disorder that results in accelerated aging

64
Q

What are some x linked recessive disorders

A

Hemophilia, red-green color blindness and duchenne muscular dystrophy

65
Q

What are the 4 types of chromosomes structural changes

A

Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Deletion

66
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

Too many or too few copies of one chromosome

67
Q

What is polyploidy

A

Three or more copies of each chromosome

68
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

When a pair of chromosomes fails to seperate properly during mitosis or meiosis

69
Q

What is monosomy

A

N-1 gamete

70
Q

What is trisomy

A

N + 1 gamete

71
Q

What is trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome

72
Q

What is a pedigree

A

A standardized chart of genetic connections

73
Q

What are the three types of inheritance

A

Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant
X- linked recessive inheritance

74
Q

In autosomal recessive does the trait skip a generation

A

Typically

75
Q

What is autosomal dominant

A

Trait appears in every generation. Allele is expressed even in heterozygotes

76
Q

In an x linked recessive who is the carrier

A

Females

77
Q

In x linked recessive can a son inherit recessive alleles from his father

A

No but a daughter can

78
Q

What is genetic counseling

A

Information collected is used to predict the probability of having a child with a genetic disorder

79
Q

What is genetic screening

A

Widespread routine testing for alleles associated with genetic disorders

Cell Biology (13 decks)

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