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Anatomy > Posterior leg and sole of the foot > Flashcards

Posterior leg and sole of the foot Flashcards

1
Q
A

Up: Dorsum of the foot (bridge)
Down: Plantar surface of the foot (sole)

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2
Q
A

Ball of the foot

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3
Q
A

Heel of the foot

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4
Q
A
  1. Common fibular nerve via lateral sural cutaneous nerve
  2. Superficial peroneal nerve
  3. Medial sural cutaneous nerve (from sciatic nerve)
  4. Sural nerve (from sciatic nerve)
  5. Tibial nerve via medial calcaneal branches
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5
Q
A

Green: Medial cutaneous branches from tibial nerve
Red: Sural nerve
Yellow: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
Pink: Medial plantar nerve
Blue: Saphenous nerve

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6
Q
A

Positive Babiski reflex is a sign of upper motor neuron disease.
Draw a line on the foot
We expect flexion of the foot if it extends

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7
Q

2 fascias of the foot

A

Superficial and deep fascia

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8
Q

Superficial fascia of the foot

A

On the plantar surface fat pads act as shock absorber

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9
Q

Deep fascia of the foot

A
  • On dorsum of the foot a thin deep fascia.
  • On plantar side- Plantar fascia (thick deep fascia).
  • Mid thickening of plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis).
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10
Q
A

Right: Plantar aponeurosis (ligament strong structure)
Left: Plantar fascia

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11
Q

What happens if the plantar aponeurosis gets inflamed

A

Plantar fasciitis

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12
Q
A

Calcaneal spur (point where plantar aponeurosis attaches and calcification occurs at attachment)
It is the result of an inflmmation

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13
Q

Calcaneal spur treatment

A

Relax plantar fascia by stretching exercises and ice

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14
Q

Is there a superficial fascia in dorsum of the foot?

A

No

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15
Q

Posterior Superficialis muscles

A

Triceps surae

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16
Q

Gastrocnemius muscle origin

A

2 heads
Lateral and medial condyles of femur

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17
Q

Gastrocnemius muscle insertion

A

Calcaneal tendon (Achilles)

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18
Q

Gastrocnemius muscle function

A

Flexion of foot and leg (esp running)

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19
Q
A
  1. Medial head
  2. Lateral head (proximal) of Gastrocnemius m
  3. Distal part of Gastrocnemius m
  4. All 3 muscles form strongest tendon in the body (Calcaneal tendon)
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20
Q
A

Medial head tear of Gastrocnemius muscle

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21
Q
A

Fabella (lateral head calcification proximal to origin)
- a small sesamoid bone found in some mammals embedded in the tendon of lateral head of gastrocnemius.

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22
Q
A
  1. Neuromuscular bundle
  2. Soleus muscle (anterior to Gastrocnemius)
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23
Q

Soleus muscle origin

A

Soleal line of tibia (perforated by v-a-n), upper part of fibula

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24
Q

Soleus muscle insertion

A

Calcaneal tendon

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25
Q

Soleus muscle function

A

Flexion of foot (esp walking)

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26
Q

Achilles tendon injury and repair (weakens by age)

A
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27
Q
A

Plantaris muscle (between Soleus and Gastrocnemius)

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28
Q

Plantaris muscle origin

A

Lateral condyle of femur

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29
Q

Plantaris muscle insertion

A

Medial part of calcaneal tendon

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30
Q

Plantaris muscle function

A

Flexion of foot and leg

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31
Q

What is the clinical importance of Plantaris muscle?

A

Has a long tendon on medial side and is used if tendon needed in body

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32
Q

4 muscles in Posterior Deep Group

A

Popliteus muscle
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Tibalis posterior muscle

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33
Q
A

Orange: Popliteus muscle
Red: Tibialis posterior muscle
Green: Flexor digitorum longus
Blue: Flexor hallucis longus

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34
Q

A?

A

Arcuate popliteal ligament

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35
Q

Popliteus muscle origin

A

Lateral condyle of femur and arcuate popliteal ligament

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36
Q

Popliteus muscle insertion

A

Posterior surface of tibia above soleal line

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37
Q

Popliteus muscle function

A

Flexion and medial rotation of leg (unlocking of knee)

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38
Q

Only muscle that doesnt attach to foot

A

Popliteus muscle only passes inside the knee joint cavity

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39
Q

Flexor digitorum longus muscle origin

A

Posterior surface of tibia below soleal line

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40
Q

Flexor digitorum longus muscle insertion

A

Passing from malleolar groove to bases of distal phalanges 2-5

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41
Q

Flexor digitorum longus muscle function

A

Flexes toes 2-5 and foot, inverses foot, makes origin for lumbricals

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42
Q

Main invertors

A

Tibilais anterior and Tibialis posterior

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43
Q

Flexor hallucis longus muscle origin

A

Lower part of posterior surface of fibula

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44
Q

Flexor hallucis longus muscle insertion

A

Base of distal phalax of hallux

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45
Q

Flexor hallucis longus muscle function

A

Flexion of hallux and foot. Supports medial longitudinal arch of foot.

46
Q

Tibalis posterior muscle origin

A

Lateral part of posterior surface of tibia below soleal line, posterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane

47
Q

Tibalis posterior muscle insertion

A

Sustentaculum tali, tuberosity of navicular bone, talus, cuneiform bone, cuboid bone and metatarsal bone (2-4)

48
Q

Tibalis posterior muscle function

A

Plantar flexion and powerful inversion of foot

49
Q
A

Tibialis posterior dysfunction

50
Q
A
  1. Flexor digitorum longus (crosses all other muscles)
  2. Tibialis posterior
  3. Calcanus
  4. Flexor hallucis longus
51
Q

Under flexor retinaculum order of structures (front to back)

A

Tibialis posterior (most anterior)
Flexor digitorium
Flexor hallucis longus

52
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome muscles

A

Tom- Tibalis anterior
Dick- Flexor digitorum longus
Harry- Flexor hallucis longus

53
Q
A

Origin of flexor digitorum longus m
Origin of flexor hallucis longus

54
Q
A
55
Q

Superficial posterior leg muscles

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

56
Q

Deep posterior leg muscles

A

Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior

57
Q
A
  1. Fibular a
  2. Calcaneal branches
  3. Medial malleolar a
58
Q

Where does the posterior tibial a come from

A

Popliteal artery

59
Q

What does the fibular artery pass and course with

A

Passes the lateral compartment and courses with superficial fibular nerve

60
Q
A
61
Q

Nutrient artery of tibia courses into which artery?

A

Lateral and medial plantar artery (terminal artery)

62
Q

Nutrient artery of tibia courses into which artery?

A

Lateral and medial plantar artery (terminal artery)

63
Q
A

At the midpoint of flexor retinaculum you can take the pulse of the posterior tibial artery

64
Q

What does th anterior tibial a course into

A

Dorsalis pedis

65
Q

What are the branches of the fibular artery

A

Muscular branches (fibularis longus brevis)
Nutrient artery to fibula
Perforating branch
Communicating branch
Lateral malleolar branch
Calcaneal branch (termination point)

66
Q
A
  1. Nutrient artery to fibula
  2. Communicating branch to posterior tibial artery
  3. Calcaneal branch
67
Q
A

Up right: Dorsiflexion
Up left: Plantarflexion
Down right: Inversion
Down left: Eversion

68
Q

Ankle Dorsiflexion muscles

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus

69
Q

Ankle Plantarflexion muscles

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

70
Q

Ankle inversion muscles

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior

71
Q

Ankle Eversion muscles

A

Fibularis longus and brevis

72
Q

1st layer

A

Yellow- Abductor hallucis
Green- Plantar aponeurosis
Red- Flexor digitorum brevis
Blue- Abductor digiti minimi pedis

73
Q

2nd layer

A

Up left: Long plantar ligament
Blue: Quadratus Plantae
Yellow: Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
Red: Lumbricals

74
Q

Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus insertion for and origin along with function

A

Origin for lumbricals, insertion for the quadratus plantae and flex the fingers

75
Q

Quadratus plantae function

A

corrects the angulation for flexor digitorum longus

76
Q

3rd layer

A

Yellow: Flexor hallucis brevis
Red up: Adductor hallucis oblique head
Red horizontal: Adductor hallucis transverse head
Blue: Flexor digiti minimi brevis

77
Q

Whats the function of the 4th interosseous layer

A

Abduction

78
Q

Plantar interosseous muscle function

A

Pad (Adduction)

79
Q

Dorsal interosseous muscle function

A

Dab (Abduction) except the middle toe

80
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the foot all leg muscles except

A

Popliteus

81
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the foot dorsal side

A

Extensor digitorum brevis and Extensor hallucis brevis

82
Q

Innervation of Extensor digitorum brevis and Extensor hallucis brevis

A

Deep fibular nerve

83
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the foot plantar side

A

1st layer: Abductor hallucis, Flexor digitorum brevis and Abductor digiti minimi
2nd layer: Quadratus Plantae and Lumbricals
3rd layer: Flexor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis and Flexor digiti minimi brevis
4th layer: Interossei

84
Q

If you cut tibial nerve which muscles are paralized?

A

All extrinsic muscles of the foot

85
Q
A
  1. Lateral plantar a
  2. Lateral plantar n
  3. Medial plantar a and n
    Between 1st and 2nd layer of sole muscles
    Arteries- branches of posterior tibial a
    Nerves- branches of posterior tibial n
86
Q
A
  1. Medial proper plantar digital a
  2. Plantar digital a
  3. Superficial branch
  4. Deep branch
  5. Plantar arch
87
Q

Deep branch contributes to

A

2nd and 3rd plantar metatarsal a

88
Q

Superficial branch becomes

A

Medial proper plantar digital a

89
Q

Digital branch contributes to

A

1st plantar metatarsal a

90
Q

What forms the plantar arch

A

Lateral plantar a

91
Q

Which layers is the plantar arch between?

A

3rd and 4th layers

92
Q

Dorsal artery of the foot branches
Up to down

A

Lateral and medial tarsal a
Arcuate a
Deep plantar a (joins plantar arch)
1st dorsal metatarsal a

93
Q

Up to down

A

Posterior perforating branches
Plantar arch
Deep plantar a
Anterior perforating branches

94
Q

Lateral lymphatics of the foot

A

Popliteal lymph nodes which becomes deep inguinal lymph nodes

95
Q

Medial lymphatics of the foot

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

96
Q

Clinical importance of Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

LAP or lymph adenopathy
enlargement of lymph nodes if palpated

97
Q
A

Flatfoot- abnormal as the sole doesnt touch floor by all surface
both ball and heel touch floor

98
Q
A

Babies are born with a flat foot and at about 10 years the arch appears

99
Q
A

Blue: Anterior transverse arch
Red: Lateral longitudinal arch
Green: Medial longitudinal arch

100
Q

What arranges to form the arches of the foot

A

Tarsal and metatarsal bones

101
Q

The function of the arches of the foot

A

Shock absorber
Increases weight bearing capacity
Spreads the weight in all directions

102
Q

What forms the lateral longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus, cuboid and lateral 2 metatarsals

103
Q

What forms the medial longitudinal arch
(highest arch)

A

All tarsal bones except cuboid and three medial metatarsals

104
Q

What forms the Transverse plantar arch

A

Cuboid, cuneiforms, base of metatarsals

105
Q

Arches are also supported by

A

Ligaments

106
Q

What supports the Medial longitudinal arch

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior, Flexor hallucis longus, spring ligament (calcaneonaviculare plantare) and plantar aponeurosis

107
Q

What supports the Lateral longitudinal arch

A

Short and long plantar ligament
Plantar aponeurosis

108
Q

What supports the Transverse longitudinal arch

A

Fibularis longus muscle and Tibialis posterior

109
Q
A

Palpations

110
Q

What happens if you compress the common peroneal nerve

A

Fibularis longus and brevis will be paralyzed

Anatomy (17 decks)

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