Post-Darwinian (book)

Question 1

especially promoted the exploring and interpreting of the history and diversification of life

Answer 1

Ernst Haeckel

Question 2

golden age of paleontology, comparative morphology, and comparative embryology, during which a great deal of information on evolution in the fossil record and on relationships among organisms was amassed

Answer 2

late 19th century, early 20th century

Question 3

Theories which rejected natural selection

Answer 3

1. neo-Lamarckian
2. orthogenesis
3. mutationist theories

Question 4

includes several theories based on the old idea of inheritance of modifications acquired during an organism’s lifetime

Answer 4

neo-Lamarckian

Question 5

• held that the variation that arises is directed toward fixed goals, so that a species evolves in a predetermined direction by some kind of internal drive, without the aid of natural selection
• aka straight-line evolution

Answer 5

orthogenesis

Question 6

advanced by some geneticists who observed that discretely different new phenotypes can arise by a process of mutation

Answer 6

mutationist theories

Question 7

natural selection by mutationist theories

Answer 7

not necessary

Question 8

accomplished geneticist who nevertheless erroneously argued that the origin of new species and higher taxa is entirely different from evolutionary change within species

Answer 8

Richard Goldschmidt

Question 9

how did new species or genera originate according to Richard Goldschmidt

Answer 9

sudden, drastic changes that reorganize the whole genome

Question 10

• includes the principles of natural selection, genetics, DNA, and biogeography
• do not speak to the origins of life, but rather scientists working in each field are trying to assess and understand the patterns of life

Answer 10

Evolutionary synthesis

Question 11

adaptive evolution is caused by natural selection acting on particulate (Mendelian) genetic variation
- often used to mean the theory articulated in the evolutionary synthesis

Answer 11

neo-Darwinism

Question 12

neo-Darwinism properly refers to __ strict version of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 12

Weismann

Question 13

• developed a mathemetical theory of population genetics
• showed that mutatoin and natural selection together cause adaptive evolution
• mutation is not an alternative to natural selection, but is rather its raw material

Answer 13

• Ronald A. Fisher
• John B. S. Haldane

Question 14

was pioneered in Russia by Sergei Chetverikov and continued by Theodosius Dobzhansky

Answer 14

study of genetic variation and change in natural populations

Question 15

who pioneered and continued the study of genetic variation and change in natural populations

Answer 15

• Sergei Chetverikov
• Theodosius Dobzhansky

Question 16

provided laboratory evidence for natural selection and variation where previously there had been only field observation

Answer 16

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Question 17

Major causes of evolution within species

Answer 17

1. mutation
2. gene flow/ migration
3. natural selection
4. genetic drift

Question 18

• defined as changes in the frequency of a gene in a population
• subtle changes that can occur in very short periods of time, and may not be visible to a casual observer.

Answer 18

Microevolution

Question 19

refers to evolution of groups larger than an individual

Answer 19

Macroevolution

Question 20

Major contributors to the synthesis

Answer 20

1. Ernst Mayr
2. Bernhard Rensch
3. G. Ledyard Stebbins
4. George Gaylord Simpson

Question 21

Ernst Mayr

Answer 21

• Systematics
• Origin of Species

Question 22

Berhard Rensch

Answer 22

Evolution Above the Species Level

Question 23

G. Ledyard Stebbins

Answer 23

Variation and Evolution in Plants

Question 24

George Gaylord Simpson

Answer 24

• Tempo and Mode in Evolution
• The Major Features of Evolution

Question 25

established the structure of DNA in 1953

Answer 25

• James Watson
• Francis Crick

Question 26

developed the neutral theory of molecular evolution

Answer 26

Motoo Kimura

Question 27

argued that most of the evolution of DNA sequences occurs by chance
(genetic drift) rather than by natural selection

Answer 27

neutral theory of molecular evolution

Question 28

• enable biologists to determine phylogenetic relationships with ever great confidence
• revelad the genetic bases of adaptive characteristics of species and how and when they were modified by natural selection
• revealed the history of populations and their distributions over the globe

Answer 28

genomic data

Question 29

when did evolutionary theory expand into areas such as ecology, animal behavior, and reproductive biology

Answer 29

mid 1960s

Question 30

pioneered the detailed theories that explain the evolution of particular kinds of characteristics such as life span, ecological distribution, and social behavior

Answer 30

• William Hamilton
• John Maynard Smith
• George Williams

Question 31

• does not equal to Darwinism
• any antievolutionary critiques of Darwin that do not take into account modern research are irrelevant to our understanding of evolution today

Answer 31

modern evolutionary biology

Question 32

helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, proposing the “Biological Species Concept

Answer 32

Ernst Mayr

Question 33

promoted a Darwinian macro-evolution in accord with the principles of gradualism

Answer 33

Bernhard Rensch

Question 34

• showed how genetics and natural selection provide the keys to explaining plant speciation
• principal contribution was a book, Variation and Evolution in Plants (1950)

Answer 34

G. Ledyard Stebbins

Question 35

proposed the idea of quantum evolution, which explains the rapid evolution of species under certain circumstances

Answer 35

George Gaylord Simpson