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BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 2 - History and Evidence > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - History and Evidence Flashcards

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1
Q
  • believed in 2 worlds: the real world (ideal and eternal), and illusionary world (imperfect and perceived through the senses)
  • typological view of nature - individual variation as the imperfect manifestation of ethos
A

Plato (427-347 BC)

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2
Q

two worlds Plato believed in

A
  • the real world
  • illusionary world
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3
Q

ideal and eternal

A

the real world

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4
Q

imperfect and perceived through senses

A

illusionary world

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5
Q

individual variation as the imperfect manifestation of ethos

A

typological view of nature

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6
Q

believed that all living organisms could be arranged in a “scale of nature” or Great Chain of Being

A

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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7
Q

ladder of life consists of graduation from inanimate material through plants, through lower animals and humans to other spiritual beings

A

Great Chain of Being

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8
Q
  • established the modern system of taxonomy in an attempt to discover order in the diversity of life “for the grater glory of God”
  • groupings based on similarity
  • hierarchal relationships of organisms
A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

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9
Q

how did Carolus Linnaeus group organisms

A
  • groupings based on similarity
  • hierarchal relationships of organisms
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10
Q

Early Ideas About Evolution

A
  1. Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry
  2. Life emerged as distinct types
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11
Q

older than previously thought

A

Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry

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12
Q

transformed when environment changed

A

Life emerged as distinct types

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13
Q

author of the principle of the conservation of life, according to which the amount of life in the universe is constant, life is an autonomous quality, and animate matter is as ancient as inanimate matter.

A

Georges Buffon (1707-88)

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14
Q

the amount of life in the universe is constant, life is an autonomous quality, and animate matter is as ancient as inanimate matter

A

principle of the conservation of life

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15
Q

first articulated theory of evolution
- organisms continually arise by spontaneous generation
- “nervous fluid” acts to move each species up the “great chain of being”
- organisms develop adaptations to changing environment through the use and disuse of organs (heavy use attracts more “nervous fluid”)
- acquired characteristics are inherited

A

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (TAASAG PANGALAN OY)

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16
Q

book written by Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck

A

Philosophie Zoologique

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17
Q

acts to move each species up the “great chain of being”

A

nervous fluid

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18
Q

Problems with Lamarck’s ideas

A
  1. no evidence of spontaneous generation
  2. no evidence of an innate drive toward complexity
  3. no evidence of inheritance of acquired characteristics (But.. epigenetics??)
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19
Q

calculated in 1664 that the Earth was precisely 5,668 years old

A

Archbishop James Ussher

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20
Q

how old was the Earth according to Archbishop James Ussher

A

5,668 years old

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21
Q

when was the earth created acc. to Archbishop James Ussher

A

Oct. 26 4004 BC
9:00 AM

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22
Q
  • first to realize that the Earth’s crust contains a chronological history of geologic events and that the history may be deciphered by careful study of the strata and fossils
  • rejected the idea that mountains grow like trees, proposing instead that they are formed by alterations of the Earth’s crust
  • father of geology and stratigraphy
A

Nicolas Steno (1638-86)

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23
Q
  • observable processes produce small changes that accumulate over time
  • the earth must be old
A

James Hutton

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24
Q

different rock layers contain distinct fossils

A

William Smith

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25
Q

lead to a new concept of the age of the Earth

A

emerging field of GEOLOGY

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26
Q
  • history of the earth extend back through vast time periods
  • processes at work today are the same as those that have been operating throughout the entire history of Earth
A

Charles Lyell

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27
Q

What did Charles Lyell write

A

Principles of Geology

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28
Q

concept that processes at work today are the same as those that have been operating throughout the entire history of Earth

A

Uniformitarianism or Actualism

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29
Q

provided evidence that life changed

A

paleontology

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30
Q

study of ancient life, from dinosaurs to prehistoric plants, mammals, fish, insects, fungi, and even microbes

A

Paleontology

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31
Q
  • fossils resemble but are not exactly the same as modern species
  • many past species are extinct
A

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

32
Q

discovered several species of extinct marine reptiles

A

Mary Anning

33
Q
  • briefly studied medicine at Edinburgh
  • studied for the clergy at Christ’s College, Cambridge University
  • interacted with some natural scientist (John Henslow and Adam Sedgwick) at Cambridge
  • offered a position (in 1831) as the ship’s naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle, which was going on an expedition to chart the waters of South America
A

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-82)

34
Q

where did Charles Robert Darwin study medicine

A

Edinburgh

35
Q

natural scientists Charles Robert Darwin interacted with

A
  • John Henslow
  • Adam Sedgwick
36
Q
  • wrote papers on plant variation and on zoological aspects of natural history
  • naturalist, a Cambridge academic, most remembered as a friend and mentor of Charles Darwin
  • inspired Darwin with a passion for natural history,
  • proposed Darwin to sail on the HMS Beagle as the naturalist on its five-year voyage
  • promoted Darwin’s work as he developed his theory of evolution
A

John Henslow

37
Q
  • founded the system for the classification of Cambrian rocks and with Roderick Murchison worked out the order of the Carboniferous and underlying Devonian strata
  • studied the geology of the British Isles and Europe
A

Adam Sedgwick

38
Q

Variation in bill shape among Galapagos Finches

A
  1. closely related species which occupy different ecological settings tend to have different characteristics
  2. populations that are physically isolated tend to differ
39
Q
  • order of colonization of species in an ecosystem from a barren or destroyed area of land
  • Pioneer species, like moss and lichen, are the first to colonize an area. They change the environment so it is suitable for larger plants, like shrubs and grass.
A

Law of Succession

40
Q

Observations from Domestic Animals

A
  1. high levels of variability within a species
  2. variants can pass these characteristics to offspring
  3. artificial selection can rapidly alter the characteristics of a breed
41
Q
  • populations reproduce exponentially
  • natural populations have a large capacity to reproduce and if left unchecked they will increase at a rapid rate
  • many more organisms are born than can possibly survive
  • wrote essay on the principle of populations
A

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

42
Q

what did Thomas Malthus write

A

Essay on the Principle of Populations

43
Q

when did Charles Darwin say “… it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavourable ones to be destroyed”

A

Sept. 28, 1838

44
Q

he had the revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection entirely independently of Charles Darwin

A

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

45
Q

Darwin’s four theories of evolution

A
  1. evolution has occurred
  2. primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection
  3. splitting of single species into tow or more species has occurred
  4. evolutionary change is gradual
46
Q
  • species are not unchanging entities, but evolve over time
  • all species derive from very different species living in the past
  • this theory was not entirely new, but Darwin provided convincing evidence for it
A

evolution has occurred

47
Q

species change over time because bearers of different traits have different probabiliies of contributing offspring to the next generation

A

primary cause of evolutionary change is natural selection

48
Q
  • Darwin postulated that all life originated with one or a few species
  • because many species exist today, there must have been a process whereby one species split into at least two species
A

splitting of single species into two or more species has occurred

49
Q

The necessary conclusion from the third theory of Darwin is

A

all species share common ancestors

50
Q

evolution occurs by the gradual transformation of populations over long periods of time (hundreds to millions of years) rather than by a species changing nearly instantaneously into something different

A

evolutionary change is gradual

51
Q

What are the elements of evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. competition
  2. variation
  3. heritability
  4. iteration
52
Q

many more individuals are born than survive

A

competition

53
Q

individuals vary in traits directly related to their ability to survive and reproduce

A

variation

54
Q

these advantageous traits are passed on to offspring

A

heritability

55
Q

this process is repeated generation after generation over long periods of time

A

iteration

56
Q

Biology’s Law

A

evolution by natural selection

57
Q

a necessary outcome of differential survival and reproduction, provided the characteristics that caused those differences are heritable

A

evolution by natural selection

58
Q

What is the evidence for evolution?

A

principles of homology and common descent

59
Q

evolution can be viewed as a series of bifurcations in a phylogenetic tree

A

all life can be traced back to a common ancestor

60
Q

how do groups of species that share a common ancestor derive attributes from that ancestor

A

common descent

61
Q

future evolutionary paths are __ by past history

A

constrained

62
Q

phenomenon of having same skeletal elements appear in very different species only makes sense as a process of what

A

descent with modification

63
Q

universal genetic material

A

DNA

64
Q
  • rudimentary anatomical structures that are retained in a species despite having lost their primary ancestral function
  • These structures often lack an apparent purpose, in contrast to the full functionality of these organs observed in closely related and ancestral species
A

Vestigial organs

65
Q

genes that seem to serve no purpose

A

vestigial genes

66
Q

major evolutionary transitions

A

the tetrapod limb

67
Q
  • process by which humans choose individual organisms with certain phenotypic trait values for breeding
  • If there is additive genetic variance for the selected trait, it will respond to the selection, that is, the trait will evolve.
A

Artificial selection

68
Q

major lines of evidence for evolution

A
  1. homology and common descent
  2. the fossil record
  3. direct observation of evolutionary change through time
69
Q

evolutionary change in response to changing environmental conditions

A
  • Contemporary Evolutio or
  • Evolution in Ecological Time
70
Q

process by which populations of organisms change over time

A

biological evolution

71
Q

changes in the genome of an organism

A

mutation

72
Q

mutations can be __, __ or __

A
  • neutral
  • detrimental
  • beneficial
73
Q

occurs when heritable characteristics cause some individuals to survive and reproduce more successfully than others

A

natural selection

74
Q

mechanism of evolution that can cause the genetic composition of a population to shift from generation to generation

A

natural selection (ang nakabutang pero feeling nako genetic drift dapat)

75
Q

use many different lines of evidence to test hypotheses about evolution

A

evolutionary biologists

76
Q

explains the patters of life observable in the natural world and the processes by which that life has evolved

A

evolutionary theory

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology (20 decks)

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