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BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 3 - Tree of Life > Flashcards

Lesson 3 - Tree of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

how many genes in the genome of yeast have recognizable similarity to human genes

A

1/3

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2
Q

“probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form”

A

idea of common descent

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3
Q

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

A

phylogeny

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4
Q

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

A

systematics

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5
Q

what do systematists use to infer evolutionary relationships

A
  • fossil data
  • molecular data
  • genetic data
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6
Q

ordered division and naming of organisms

A

taxonomy

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7
Q

in 18th century, he published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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8
Q

two-part scientific name

A

Genus species

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9
Q

the second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus

A

specific epithet

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10
Q

Linnaeus introduced a system for grouping species in __ __ __

A

increasingly broad categories

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11
Q

taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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12
Q

taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

A

taxon

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13
Q

how do systematist depict evolutionary relationships

A

in branching phylogenetic trees

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14
Q

recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants

A

PhyloCode

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15
Q

represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

A

phylogenetic tree

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16
Q

represents the divergence of two species

A

branch point/ node

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17
Q

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

A

sister taxa

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18
Q

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

A

rooted tree

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19
Q

is a branch from which more than two gruops emerge

A

polytomy

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20
Q

what do phylogenetic trees show

A

patterns of descent

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21
Q

what do phylogenetic tree not indicate

A
  • when species evolved
  • how much genetic change occured in a lineage
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22
Q

provide important information about similar characteristics in closely related species

A

phylogeny

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23
Q

where are phylogenies inferred from

A

morphological and molecular data

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24
Q

organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be __ __ __ than organisms with different structures or sequences

A

more closely related

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25
Q

similarity due to shared ancestry

A

homology

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26
Q

similarity due to convergent evolution

A

analogy

27
Q

homology is due to

A

shared ancestry

28
Q

analogy is due to

A

convergent evolution

29
Q

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar/ analogous adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

A

convergent evolution

30
Q

development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origi

A

homoplasies

31
Q

how can homology be distinguished from analogy

A

comparing
- fossil evidence
- degree of complexity

32
Q

the more complex two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are __

A

homologous

33
Q

uses DNA an other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships

A

molecular systematics

34
Q

evolutionary change of features within a sinle lineage (species)

A

anagenesis

35
Q

branching of lineage into two or more descendant lineages

A

cladogenesis

36
Q

descendants become more different from each other

A

divergence/ divergent evolution

37
Q

segement in tree which may split at an internal branch point or node

A

lineage/ branch

38
Q

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

A

clade/ monophyletic group

39
Q

two clades that originate from a common ancestor

A

sister groups

40
Q

root of the tree

A

most recent common ancestor (MRCA)

41
Q

grouping consists of an ancestral species and SOME of its descendants

A

paraphyletic group

42
Q

grouping consists of various species that LACK a common ancestor

A

polyphyletic group

43
Q

character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

A

shared ancestral character
- plesiomorphy

44
Q

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

A

shared derived character
- apomorphy

45
Q

two types of apomorphy

A
  1. autapomorphy
  2. synapomorphy
46
Q

trait found only in one taxon, but not found in any others or outgroup taxa, not even those most closely related to the focal taxon

A

autapomorphy

47
Q

derived trait shared by two or more groups

A

synapomorphy

48
Q

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely

A

maximum parsimony

49
Q

states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

A

principle of maximum likelihood

50
Q

predicts features of an ancestor from features of its descendants

A

phylogenetic bracketing

51
Q

lineages become modified from different ways of life

A

adaptive radiation

52
Q
  • two or more species affect each other’s evolution
  • caused by symbiotic relatinships and predator-prey dynamics
A

coevolution

53
Q

valuable tool for tracing organisms’ evolutionary history

A

comparing nucleic acids or other molecules

54
Q

changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago

A

DNA that codes for rRNA

55
Q

evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events

A

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)

56
Q

inceases the number of genes in the genome, providing more opportunities for evolutionary changes

A

gene duplication

57
Q
  • found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
  • Genes separated by speciation
A

orthologous genes

58
Q
  • found in more than one copy in the genome
  • resulted from gene duplication
  • can divege within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions
A

paralogous genes

59
Q

paralogous genes can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve __ __

A

new functions

60
Q

loci in different species that descended from the same locus

A

orthologous

61
Q

loci in the same species or different species that descended from ancestral species

A

paralogous

62
Q

branching tree that portrays the history of DNA sequences of a gene

A

gene tree/ gene genealogy

63
Q

group of genes within an organism that was inherited together from a single parent

A

haplotype

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology (20 decks)

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